我只是在修改c#深度的第4章，它涉及到可空类型，我增加了一个关于使用“as”操作符的章节，它允许你这样写:
object o = ...;
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
... // Use x.Value in here
}
我认为这真的很整洁，它可以比c# 1的等效方法提高性能，使用“is”后面加强制转换——毕竟，这样我们只需要要求进行一次动态类型检查，然后进行简单的值检查。
This appears not to be the case, however. I've included a sample test app below, which basically sums all the integers within an object array - but the array contains a lot of null references and string references as well as boxed integers. The benchmark measures the code you'd have to use in C# 1, the code using the "as" operator, and just for kicks a LINQ solution. To my astonishment, the C# 1 code is 20 times faster in this case - and even the LINQ code (which I'd have expected to be slower, given the iterators involved) beats the "as" code.
对于可空类型的isinst的。net实现真的很慢吗?是额外的开箱。是什么导致了这个问题?还有其他解释吗?目前，我觉得我必须在对性能敏感的情况下使用此功能时提出警告……
结果:
演员:10000000:121
As: 10000000: 2211
Linq: 10000000: 2143
代码:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
class Test
{
const int Size = 30000000;
static void Main()
{
object[] values = new object[Size];
for (int i = 0; i < Size - 2; i += 3)
{
values[i] = null;
values[i+1] = "";
values[i+2] = 1;
}
FindSumWithCast(values);
FindSumWithAs(values);
FindSumWithLinq(values);
}
static void FindSumWithCast(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int x = (int) o;
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Cast: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long) sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAs(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long) sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithLinq(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = values.OfType<int>().Sum();
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("LINQ: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long) sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
}
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
class Test
{
const int Size = 30000000;
static void Main()
{
object[] values = new object[Size];
for (int i = 0; i < Size - 2; i += 3)
{
values[i] = null;
values[i + 1] = "";
values[i + 2] = 1;
}
FindSumWithCast(values);
FindSumWithAsAndHas(values);
FindSumWithAsAndIs(values);
FindSumWithIsThenAs(values);
FindSumWithIsThenConvert(values);
FindSumWithLinq(values);
Console.ReadLine();
}
static void FindSumWithCast(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int x = (int)o;
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Cast: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAsAndHas(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As and Has: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAsAndIs(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (o is int)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As and Is: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithIsThenAs(object[] values)
{
// Apple-to-apple comparison with Cast routine above.
// Using the similar steps in Cast routine above,
// the AS here cannot be slower than Linq.
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int? x = o as int?;
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Is then As: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithIsThenConvert(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int x = Convert.ToInt32(o);
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Is then Convert: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithLinq(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = values.OfType<int>().Sum();
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("LINQ: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
}
输出:
Cast: 10000000 : 456
As and Has: 10000000 : 2103
As and Is: 10000000 : 2029
Is then As: 10000000 : 1376
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 566
LINQ: 10000000 : 1811
(编辑:2010-06-19)
注意:之前的测试是在VS内部完成的，配置调试，使用VS2009，使用Core i7(公司开发机)。
以下是在我的机器上使用Core 2 Duo，使用VS2010完成的
Inside VS, Configuration: Debug
Cast: 10000000 : 309
As and Has: 10000000 : 3322
As and Is: 10000000 : 3249
Is then As: 10000000 : 1926
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 410
LINQ: 10000000 : 2018
Outside VS, Configuration: Debug
Cast: 10000000 : 303
As and Has: 10000000 : 3314
As and Is: 10000000 : 3230
Is then As: 10000000 : 1942
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 418
LINQ: 10000000 : 1944
Inside VS, Configuration: Release
Cast: 10000000 : 305
As and Has: 10000000 : 3327
As and Is: 10000000 : 3265
Is then As: 10000000 : 1942
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 414
LINQ: 10000000 : 1932
Outside VS, Configuration: Release
Cast: 10000000 : 301
As and Has: 10000000 : 3274
As and Is: 10000000 : 3240
Is then As: 10000000 : 1904
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 414
LINQ: 10000000 : 1936
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
class Test
{
const int Size = 30000000;
static void Main()
{
object[] values = new object[Size];
for (int i = 0; i < Size - 2; i += 3)
{
values[i] = null;
values[i + 1] = "";
values[i + 2] = 1;
}
FindSumWithCast(values);
FindSumWithAsAndHas(values);
FindSumWithAsAndIs(values);
FindSumWithIsThenAs(values);
FindSumWithIsThenConvert(values);
FindSumWithLinq(values);
Console.ReadLine();
}
static void FindSumWithCast(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int x = (int)o;
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Cast: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAsAndHas(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As and Has: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAsAndIs(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (o is int)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As and Is: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithIsThenAs(object[] values)
{
// Apple-to-apple comparison with Cast routine above.
// Using the similar steps in Cast routine above,
// the AS here cannot be slower than Linq.
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int? x = o as int?;
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Is then As: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithIsThenConvert(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int x = Convert.ToInt32(o);
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Is then Convert: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithLinq(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = values.OfType<int>().Sum();
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("LINQ: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
}
输出:
Cast: 10000000 : 456
As and Has: 10000000 : 2103
As and Is: 10000000 : 2029
Is then As: 10000000 : 1376
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 566
LINQ: 10000000 : 1811
(编辑:2010-06-19)
注意:之前的测试是在VS内部完成的，配置调试，使用VS2009，使用Core i7(公司开发机)。
以下是在我的机器上使用Core 2 Duo，使用VS2010完成的
Inside VS, Configuration: Debug
Cast: 10000000 : 309
As and Has: 10000000 : 3322
As and Is: 10000000 : 3249
Is then As: 10000000 : 1926
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 410
LINQ: 10000000 : 2018
Outside VS, Configuration: Debug
Cast: 10000000 : 303
As and Has: 10000000 : 3314
As and Is: 10000000 : 3230
Is then As: 10000000 : 1942
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 418
LINQ: 10000000 : 1944
Inside VS, Configuration: Release
Cast: 10000000 : 305
As and Has: 10000000 : 3327
As and Is: 10000000 : 3265
Is then As: 10000000 : 1942
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 414
LINQ: 10000000 : 1932
Outside VS, Configuration: Release
Cast: 10000000 : 301
As and Has: 10000000 : 3274
As and Is: 10000000 : 3240
Is then As: 10000000 : 1904
Is then Convert: 10000000 : 414
LINQ: 10000000 : 1936
显然，JIT编译器为第一种情况生成的机器代码要高效得多。一个真正有用的规则是，一个对象只能被解箱为与被装箱值具有相同类型的变量。这允许JIT编译器生成非常高效的代码，不需要考虑值转换。
is操作符测试很简单，只需检查对象是否为空并且是预期的类型，只需要一些机器代码指令。强制转换也很容易，JIT编译器知道值位在对象中的位置，并直接使用它们。没有复制或转换，所有的机器代码都是内联的，只需要大约十几个指令。这需要在。net 1.0中非常有效，当时装箱很常见。
Casting to int? takes a lot more work. The value representation of the boxed integer is not compatible with the memory layout of Nullable<int>. A conversion is required and the code is tricky due to possible boxed enum types. The JIT compiler generates a call to a CLR helper function named JIT_Unbox_Nullable to get the job done. This is a general purpose function for any value type, lots of code there to check types. And the value is copied. Hard to estimate the cost since this code is locked up inside mscorwks.dll, but hundreds of machine code instructions is likely.
Linq的OfType()扩展方法也使用is操作符和强制转换。然而，这是一个泛型类型的强制转换。JIT编译器生成对辅助函数JIT_Unbox()的调用，该函数可以执行到任意值类型的强制转换。我没有很好的解释为什么它像强制转换为Nullable<int>一样慢，因为应该需要更少的工作。我怀疑ngen.exe可能会在这里造成麻烦。
有趣的是，对于Nullable<T>(类似于早期的测试)，我通过dynamic传递了关于操作符支持的反馈——我怀疑是出于非常相似的原因。
爱上Nullable<T>。另一个有趣的是，即使JIT发现(并删除)非空结构的null，它也会对Nullable<T>使用它:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
static class Program {
static void Main() {
// JIT
TestUnrestricted<int>(1,5);
TestUnrestricted<string>("abc",5);
TestUnrestricted<int?>(1,5);
TestNullable<int>(1, 5);
const int LOOP = 100000000;
Console.WriteLine(TestUnrestricted<int>(1, LOOP));
Console.WriteLine(TestUnrestricted<string>("abc", LOOP));
Console.WriteLine(TestUnrestricted<int?>(1, LOOP));
Console.WriteLine(TestNullable<int>(1, LOOP));
}
static long TestUnrestricted<T>(T x, int loop) {
Stopwatch watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < loop; i++) {
if (x != null) count++;
}
watch.Stop();
return watch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}
static long TestNullable<T>(T? x, int loop) where T : struct {
Stopwatch watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < loop; i++) {
if (x != null) count++;
}
watch.Stop();
return watch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}
}
进一步分析:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
class Program
{
const int Size = 30000000;
static void Main(string[] args)
{
object[] values = new object[Size];
for (int i = 0; i < Size - 2; i += 3)
{
values[i] = null;
values[i + 1] = "";
values[i + 2] = 1;
}
FindSumWithIsThenCast(values);
FindSumWithAsThenHasThenValue(values);
FindSumWithAsThenHasThenCast(values);
FindSumWithManualAs(values);
FindSumWithAsThenManualHasThenValue(values);
Console.ReadLine();
}
static void FindSumWithIsThenCast(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int x = (int)o;
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Is then Cast: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAsThenHasThenValue(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As then Has then Value: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAsThenHasThenCast(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
sum += (int)o;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As then Has then Cast: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithManualAs(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
bool hasValue = o is int;
int x = hasValue ? (int)o : 0;
if (hasValue)
{
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Manual As: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAsThenManualHasThenValue(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (o is int)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As then Manual Has then Value: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long)sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
}
输出:
Is then Cast: 10000000 : 303
As then Has then Value: 10000000 : 3524
As then Has then Cast: 10000000 : 3272
Manual As: 10000000 : 395
As then Manual Has then Value: 10000000 : 3282
我们能从这些数字中推断出什么?
First, is-then-cast approach is significantly faster than as approach. 303 vs 3524
Second, .Value is marginally slower than casting. 3524 vs 3272
Third, .HasValue is marginally slower than using manual has(i.e. using is). 3524 vs 3282
Fourth, doing an apple-to-apple comparison(i.e. both assigning of simulated HasValue and converting simulated Value happens together) between simulated as and real as approach, we can see simulated as is still significantly faster than real as. 395 vs 3524
Lastly, based on first and fourth conclusion, there's something wrong with as
implementation ^_^
