我只是在修改c#深度的第4章,它涉及到可空类型,我增加了一个关于使用“as”操作符的章节,它允许你这样写:
object o = ...;
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
... // Use x.Value in here
}
我认为这真的很整洁,它可以比c# 1的等效方法提高性能,使用“is”后面加强制转换——毕竟,这样我们只需要要求进行一次动态类型检查,然后进行简单的值检查。
This appears not to be the case, however. I've included a sample test app below, which basically sums all the integers within an object array - but the array contains a lot of null references and string references as well as boxed integers. The benchmark measures the code you'd have to use in C# 1, the code using the "as" operator, and just for kicks a LINQ solution. To my astonishment, the C# 1 code is 20 times faster in this case - and even the LINQ code (which I'd have expected to be slower, given the iterators involved) beats the "as" code.
对于可空类型的isinst的。net实现真的很慢吗?是额外的开箱。是什么导致了这个问题?还有其他解释吗?目前,我觉得我必须在对性能敏感的情况下使用此功能时提出警告……
结果:
演员:10000000:121
As: 10000000: 2211
Linq: 10000000: 2143
代码:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
class Test
{
const int Size = 30000000;
static void Main()
{
object[] values = new object[Size];
for (int i = 0; i < Size - 2; i += 3)
{
values[i] = null;
values[i+1] = "";
values[i+2] = 1;
}
FindSumWithCast(values);
FindSumWithAs(values);
FindSumWithLinq(values);
}
static void FindSumWithCast(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
if (o is int)
{
int x = (int) o;
sum += x;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("Cast: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long) sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithAs(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = 0;
foreach (object o in values)
{
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
sum += x.Value;
}
}
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("As: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long) sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
static void FindSumWithLinq(object[] values)
{
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int sum = values.OfType<int>().Sum();
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine("LINQ: {0} : {1}", sum,
(long) sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
}
为了使这个答案保持最新,值得一提的是,对于c# 7.1和。net 4.7来说,本页上的大部分讨论现在都是毫无意义的,因为c# 7.1和。net 4.7支持简洁的语法,而且还能生成最好的IL代码。
OP最初的例子是…
object o = ...;
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
// ...use x.Value in here
}
变得简单…
if (o is int x)
{
// ...use x in here
}
我发现新语法的一个常见用途是当你编写一个。net值类型(即c#中的struct)实现IEquatable<MyStruct>(大多数应该)。在实现强类型Equals(MyStruct other)方法之后,你现在可以优雅地重定向非类型Equals(Object obj)覆盖(继承自Object)到它,如下所示:
public override bool Equals(Object obj) => obj is MyStruct o && Equals(o);
附录:在这个答案中给出的前两个示例函数的发布构建IL代码(分别)在这里。虽然新语法的IL代码确实少了1个字节,但它主要是通过不调用(而不是两个)并尽可能避免开箱操作来获得最大的胜利。
// static void test1(Object o, ref int y)
// {
// int? x = o as int?;
// if (x.HasValue)
// y = x.Value;
// }
[0] valuetype [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32> x
ldarg.0
isinst [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>
unbox.any [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>
stloc.0
ldloca.s x
call instance bool [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>::get_HasValue()
brfalse.s L_001e
ldarg.1
ldloca.s x
call instance !0 [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>::get_Value()
stind.i4
L_001e: ret
// static void test2(Object o, ref int y)
// {
// if (o is int x)
// y = x;
// }
[0] int32 x,
[1] object obj2
ldarg.0
stloc.1
ldloc.1
isinst int32
ldnull
cgt.un
dup
brtrue.s L_0011
ldc.i4.0
br.s L_0017
L_0011: ldloc.1
unbox.any int32
L_0017: stloc.0
brfalse.s L_001d
ldarg.1
ldloc.0
stind.i4
L_001d: ret
进一步的测试证实了我关于新c# 7语法性能优于以前可用选项的评论,请参阅这里(特别是示例'D')。
有趣的是,对于Nullable<T>(类似于早期的测试),我通过dynamic传递了关于操作符支持的反馈——我怀疑是出于非常相似的原因。
爱上Nullable<T>。另一个有趣的是,即使JIT发现(并删除)非空结构的null,它也会对Nullable<T>使用它:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
static class Program {
static void Main() {
// JIT
TestUnrestricted<int>(1,5);
TestUnrestricted<string>("abc",5);
TestUnrestricted<int?>(1,5);
TestNullable<int>(1, 5);
const int LOOP = 100000000;
Console.WriteLine(TestUnrestricted<int>(1, LOOP));
Console.WriteLine(TestUnrestricted<string>("abc", LOOP));
Console.WriteLine(TestUnrestricted<int?>(1, LOOP));
Console.WriteLine(TestNullable<int>(1, LOOP));
}
static long TestUnrestricted<T>(T x, int loop) {
Stopwatch watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < loop; i++) {
if (x != null) count++;
}
watch.Stop();
return watch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}
static long TestNullable<T>(T? x, int loop) where T : struct {
Stopwatch watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < loop; i++) {
if (x != null) count++;
}
watch.Stop();
return watch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}
}
为了使这个答案保持最新,值得一提的是,对于c# 7.1和。net 4.7来说,本页上的大部分讨论现在都是毫无意义的,因为c# 7.1和。net 4.7支持简洁的语法,而且还能生成最好的IL代码。
OP最初的例子是…
object o = ...;
int? x = o as int?;
if (x.HasValue)
{
// ...use x.Value in here
}
变得简单…
if (o is int x)
{
// ...use x in here
}
我发现新语法的一个常见用途是当你编写一个。net值类型(即c#中的struct)实现IEquatable<MyStruct>(大多数应该)。在实现强类型Equals(MyStruct other)方法之后,你现在可以优雅地重定向非类型Equals(Object obj)覆盖(继承自Object)到它,如下所示:
public override bool Equals(Object obj) => obj is MyStruct o && Equals(o);
附录:在这个答案中给出的前两个示例函数的发布构建IL代码(分别)在这里。虽然新语法的IL代码确实少了1个字节,但它主要是通过不调用(而不是两个)并尽可能避免开箱操作来获得最大的胜利。
// static void test1(Object o, ref int y)
// {
// int? x = o as int?;
// if (x.HasValue)
// y = x.Value;
// }
[0] valuetype [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32> x
ldarg.0
isinst [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>
unbox.any [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>
stloc.0
ldloca.s x
call instance bool [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>::get_HasValue()
brfalse.s L_001e
ldarg.1
ldloca.s x
call instance !0 [mscorlib]Nullable`1<int32>::get_Value()
stind.i4
L_001e: ret
// static void test2(Object o, ref int y)
// {
// if (o is int x)
// y = x;
// }
[0] int32 x,
[1] object obj2
ldarg.0
stloc.1
ldloc.1
isinst int32
ldnull
cgt.un
dup
brtrue.s L_0011
ldc.i4.0
br.s L_0017
L_0011: ldloc.1
unbox.any int32
L_0017: stloc.0
brfalse.s L_001d
ldarg.1
ldloc.0
stind.i4
L_001d: ret
进一步的测试证实了我关于新c# 7语法性能优于以前可用选项的评论,请参阅这里(特别是示例'D')。