我大约在6年前为一个应用程序编写了这个扩展类，并且从那时起一直在许多解决方案中使用它，没有任何问题。希望能有所帮助。

编辑:我注意到有些人可能不知道如何使用扩展类。

要使用此扩展类，只需在类中添加以下行引用其名称空间 使用joinext;

^这应该允许你在任何你碰巧使用的IEnumerable对象集合上看到扩展函数的智能感知。

希望这能有所帮助。如果仍然不清楚，请告诉我，我希望写一个关于如何使用它的示例。

下面是这个类:

namespace joinext
{    
public static class JoinExtensions
    {
        public static IEnumerable<TResult> FullOuterJoin<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(
            this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
            IEnumerable<TInner> inner,
            Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
            Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector,
            Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector)
            where TInner : class
            where TOuter : class
        {
            var innerLookup = inner.ToLookup(innerKeySelector);
            var outerLookup = outer.ToLookup(outerKeySelector);

            var innerJoinItems = inner
                .Where(innerItem => !outerLookup.Contains(innerKeySelector(innerItem)))
                .Select(innerItem => resultSelector(null, innerItem));

            return outer
                .SelectMany(outerItem =>
                {
                    var innerItems = innerLookup[outerKeySelector(outerItem)];

                    return innerItems.Any() ? innerItems : new TInner[] { null };
                }, resultSelector)
                .Concat(innerJoinItems);
        }


        public static IEnumerable<TResult> LeftJoin<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(
            this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
            IEnumerable<TInner> inner,
            Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
            Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector,
            Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector)
        {
            return outer.GroupJoin(
                inner,
                outerKeySelector,
                innerKeySelector,
                (o, i) =>
                    new { o = o, i = i.DefaultIfEmpty() })
                    .SelectMany(m => m.i.Select(inn =>
                        resultSelector(m.o, inn)
                        ));

        }



        public static IEnumerable<TResult> RightJoin<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(
            this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
            IEnumerable<TInner> inner,
            Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
            Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector,
            Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector)
        {
            return inner.GroupJoin(
                outer,
                innerKeySelector,
                outerKeySelector,
                (i, o) =>
                    new { i = i, o = o.DefaultIfEmpty() })
                    .SelectMany(m => m.o.Select(outt =>
                        resultSelector(outt, m.i)
                        ));

        }

    }
}

正如您所发现的，Linq没有“外部连接”结构。您所能得到的最接近的是使用您所声明的查询的左外连接。为此，你可以添加任何没有在join中表示的姓氏列表元素:

outerJoin = outerJoin.Concat(lastNames.Select(l=>new
                            {
                                id = l.ID,
                                firstname = String.Empty,
                                surname = l.Name
                            }).Where(l=>!outerJoin.Any(o=>o.id == l.id)));

我不知道这是否适用于所有情况，但从逻辑上讲，这似乎是正确的。其思想是取一个左外连接和一个右外连接，然后取结果的并集。

var firstNames = new[]
{
    new { ID = 1, Name = "John" },
    new { ID = 2, Name = "Sue" },
};
var lastNames = new[]
{
    new { ID = 1, Name = "Doe" },
    new { ID = 3, Name = "Smith" },
};
var leftOuterJoin =
    from first in firstNames
    join last in lastNames on first.ID equals last.ID into temp
    from last in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
    select new
    {
        first.ID,
        FirstName = first.Name,
        LastName = last?.Name,
    };
var rightOuterJoin =
    from last in lastNames
    join first in firstNames on last.ID equals first.ID into temp
    from first in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
    select new
    {
        last.ID,
        FirstName = first?.Name,
        LastName = last.Name,
    };
var fullOuterJoin = leftOuterJoin.Union(rightOuterJoin);

这就像写的一样，因为它是在LINQ to Objects中。如果LINQ to SQL或其他，查询处理器可能不支持安全导航或其他操作。你必须使用条件操作符有条件地获取值。

也就是说,

var leftOuterJoin =
    from first in firstNames
    join last in lastNames on first.ID equals last.ID into temp
    from last in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
    select new
    {
        first.ID,
        FirstName = first.Name,
        LastName = last != null ? last.Name : default,
    };

下面是一个扩展方法:

public static IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TLeft, TRight>> FullOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight>(this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems, Func<TLeft, object> leftIdSelector, IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems, Func<TRight, object> rightIdSelector)
{
    var leftOuterJoin = from left in leftItems
        join right in rightItems on leftIdSelector(left) equals rightIdSelector(right) into temp
        from right in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
        select new { left, right };

    var rightOuterJoin = from right in rightItems
        join left in leftItems on rightIdSelector(right) equals leftIdSelector(left) into temp
        from left in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
        select new { left, right };

    var fullOuterJoin = leftOuterJoin.Union(rightOuterJoin);

    return fullOuterJoin.Select(x => new KeyValuePair<TLeft, TRight>(x.left, x.right));
}

我认为其中大部分都存在问题，包括公认的答案，因为它们与Linq相比IQueryable工作不太好，要么是由于做了太多的服务器往返和太多的数据返回，要么是做了太多的客户端执行。

对于IEnumerable，我不喜欢Sehe的答案或类似的答案，因为它占用了过多的内存(一个简单的10000000两个列表测试在我的32GB机器上运行Linqpad内存)。

另外，其他大多数方法实际上并没有实现正确的Full Outer Join，因为它们使用的是带有右连接的Union，而不是带有右反半连接的Concat，这不仅消除了结果中重复的内部连接行，而且消除了最初存在于左或右数据中的任何正确的副本。

所以这里是我的扩展，处理所有这些问题，生成SQL以及直接实现LINQ到SQL的连接，在服务器上执行，比其他枚举对象更快，内存更少:

public static class Ext {
    public static IEnumerable<TResult> LeftOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems,
        Func<TLeft, TKey> leftKeySelector,
        Func<TRight, TKey> rightKeySelector,
        Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult> resultSelector) {

        return from left in leftItems
               join right in rightItems on leftKeySelector(left) equals rightKeySelector(right) into temp
               from right in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
               select resultSelector(left, right);
    }

    public static IEnumerable<TResult> RightOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems,
        Func<TLeft, TKey> leftKeySelector,
        Func<TRight, TKey> rightKeySelector,
        Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult> resultSelector) {

        return from right in rightItems
               join left in leftItems on rightKeySelector(right) equals leftKeySelector(left) into temp
               from left in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
               select resultSelector(left, right);
    }

    public static IEnumerable<TResult> FullOuterJoinDistinct<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems,
        Func<TLeft, TKey> leftKeySelector,
        Func<TRight, TKey> rightKeySelector,
        Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult> resultSelector) {

        return leftItems.LeftOuterJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector).Union(leftItems.RightOuterJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector));
    }

    public static IEnumerable<TResult> RightAntiSemiJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems,
        Func<TLeft, TKey> leftKeySelector,
        Func<TRight, TKey> rightKeySelector,
        Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult> resultSelector) {

        var hashLK = new HashSet<TKey>(from l in leftItems select leftKeySelector(l));
        return rightItems.Where(r => !hashLK.Contains(rightKeySelector(r))).Select(r => resultSelector(default(TLeft),r));
    }

    public static IEnumerable<TResult> FullOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems,
        Func<TLeft, TKey> leftKeySelector,
        Func<TRight, TKey> rightKeySelector,
        Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult> resultSelector)  where TLeft : class {

        return leftItems.LeftOuterJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector).Concat(leftItems.RightAntiSemiJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector));
    }

    private static Expression<Func<TP, TC, TResult>> CastSMBody<TP, TC, TResult>(LambdaExpression ex, TP unusedP, TC unusedC, TResult unusedRes) => (Expression<Func<TP, TC, TResult>>)ex;

    public static IQueryable<TResult> LeftOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IQueryable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IQueryable<TRight> rightItems,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TKey>> leftKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TRight, TKey>> rightKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult>> resultSelector) {

        var sampleAnonLR = new { left = default(TLeft), rightg = default(IEnumerable<TRight>) };
        var parmP = Expression.Parameter(sampleAnonLR.GetType(), "p");
        var parmC = Expression.Parameter(typeof(TRight), "c");
        var argLeft = Expression.PropertyOrField(parmP, "left");
        var newleftrs = CastSMBody(Expression.Lambda(Expression.Invoke(resultSelector, argLeft, parmC), parmP, parmC), sampleAnonLR, default(TRight), default(TResult));

        return leftItems.AsQueryable().GroupJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, (left, rightg) => new { left, rightg }).SelectMany(r => r.rightg.DefaultIfEmpty(), newleftrs);
    }

    public static IQueryable<TResult> RightOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IQueryable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IQueryable<TRight> rightItems,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TKey>> leftKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TRight, TKey>> rightKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult>> resultSelector) {

        var sampleAnonLR = new { leftg = default(IEnumerable<TLeft>), right = default(TRight) };
        var parmP = Expression.Parameter(sampleAnonLR.GetType(), "p");
        var parmC = Expression.Parameter(typeof(TLeft), "c");
        var argRight = Expression.PropertyOrField(parmP, "right");
        var newrightrs = CastSMBody(Expression.Lambda(Expression.Invoke(resultSelector, parmC, argRight), parmP, parmC), sampleAnonLR, default(TLeft), default(TResult));

        return rightItems.GroupJoin(leftItems, rightKeySelector, leftKeySelector, (right, leftg) => new { leftg, right }).SelectMany(l => l.leftg.DefaultIfEmpty(), newrightrs);
    }

    public static IQueryable<TResult> FullOuterJoinDistinct<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IQueryable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IQueryable<TRight> rightItems,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TKey>> leftKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TRight, TKey>> rightKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult>> resultSelector) {

        return leftItems.LeftOuterJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector).Union(leftItems.RightOuterJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector));
    }

    private static Expression<Func<TP, TResult>> CastSBody<TP, TResult>(LambdaExpression ex, TP unusedP, TResult unusedRes) => (Expression<Func<TP, TResult>>)ex;

    public static IQueryable<TResult> RightAntiSemiJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IQueryable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IQueryable<TRight> rightItems,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TKey>> leftKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TRight, TKey>> rightKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult>> resultSelector) {

        var sampleAnonLgR = new { leftg = default(IEnumerable<TLeft>), right = default(TRight) };
        var parmLgR = Expression.Parameter(sampleAnonLgR.GetType(), "lgr");
        var argLeft = Expression.Constant(default(TLeft), typeof(TLeft));
        var argRight = Expression.PropertyOrField(parmLgR, "right");
        var newrightrs = CastSBody(Expression.Lambda(Expression.Invoke(resultSelector, argLeft, argRight), parmLgR), sampleAnonLgR, default(TResult));

        return rightItems.GroupJoin(leftItems, rightKeySelector, leftKeySelector, (right, leftg) => new { leftg, right }).Where(lgr => !lgr.leftg.Any()).Select(newrightrs);
    }

    public static IQueryable<TResult> FullOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult>(
        this IQueryable<TLeft> leftItems,
        IQueryable<TRight> rightItems,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TKey>> leftKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TRight, TKey>> rightKeySelector,
        Expression<Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult>> resultSelector) {

        return leftItems.LeftOuterJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector).Concat(leftItems.RightAntiSemiJoin(rightItems, leftKeySelector, rightKeySelector, resultSelector));
    }
}

右反半连接(Right Anti-Semi-Join)之间的差异在Linq to Objects或源代码中大多是没有意义的，但在最终的答案中，在服务器(SQL)端产生了差异，删除了一个不必要的连接。

手动编码Expression来处理将Expression<Func<>>合并到lambda中，可以使用LinqKit进行改进，但如果语言/编译器为此添加了一些帮助，那就更好了。为了完整起见，包括了fullouterjo模糊不清和RightOuterJoin函数，但我还没有重新实现FullOuterGroupJoin。

我为IEnumerable编写了另一个完整的外部连接版本，用于键是可排序的情况，这比组合左外部连接和右反半连接快50%左右，至少在小型集合上是这样。它只对每个集合进行一次排序。

我还为使用EF的版本添加了另一个答案，即用自定义展开替换Invoke。

我真的很讨厌这些linq表达式，这就是SQL存在的原因:

select isnull(fn.id, ln.id) as id, fn.firstname, ln.lastname
   from firstnames fn
   full join lastnames ln on ln.id=fn.id

在数据库中创建此sql视图并将其作为实体导入。

当然，(不同的)左连接和右连接的并集也可以做到这一点，但这是愚蠢的。