正如您所发现的，Linq没有“外部连接”结构。您所能得到的最接近的是使用您所声明的查询的左外连接。为此，你可以添加任何没有在join中表示的姓氏列表元素:

outerJoin = outerJoin.Concat(lastNames.Select(l=>new
                            {
                                id = l.ID,
                                firstname = String.Empty,
                                surname = l.Name
                            }).Where(l=>!outerJoin.Any(o=>o.id == l.id)));

谢谢大家的有趣帖子!

我修改了代码，因为在我的情况下我需要

个性化的连接谓词 一个个性化的联合，独特的比较

这是我修改过的代码(不好意思，用VB写的)

    Module MyExtensions
        <Extension()>
        Friend Function FullOuterJoin(Of TA, TB, TResult)(ByVal a As IEnumerable(Of TA), ByVal b As IEnumerable(Of TB), ByVal joinPredicate As Func(Of TA, TB, Boolean), ByVal projection As Func(Of TA, TB, TResult), ByVal comparer As IEqualityComparer(Of TResult)) As IEnumerable(Of TResult)
            Dim joinL =
                From xa In a
                From xb In b.Where(Function(x) joinPredicate(xa, x)).DefaultIfEmpty()
                Select projection(xa, xb)
            Dim joinR =
                From xb In b
                From xa In a.Where(Function(x) joinPredicate(x, xb)).DefaultIfEmpty()
                Select projection(xa, xb)
            Return joinL.Union(joinR, comparer)
        End Function
    End Module

    Dim fullOuterJoin = lefts.FullOuterJoin(
        rights,
        Function(left, right) left.Code = right.Code And (left.Amount [...] Or left.Description.Contains [...]),
        Function(left, right) New CompareResult(left, right),
        New MyEqualityComparer
    )

    Public Class MyEqualityComparer
        Implements IEqualityComparer(Of CompareResult)

        Private Function GetMsg(obj As CompareResult) As String
            Dim msg As String = ""
            msg &= obj.Code & "_"
            [...]
            Return msg
        End Function

        Public Overloads Function Equals(x As CompareResult, y As CompareResult) As Boolean Implements IEqualityComparer(Of CompareResult).Equals
            Return Me.GetMsg(x) = Me.GetMsg(y)
        End Function

        Public Overloads Function GetHashCode(obj As CompareResult) As Integer Implements IEqualityComparer(Of CompareResult).GetHashCode
            Return Me.GetMsg(obj).GetHashCode
        End Function
    End Class

我猜@sehe的方法更强大，但在我更好地理解它之前，我发现自己跳过了@MichaelSander的扩展。我修改了它，以匹配这里描述的内置Enumerable.Join()方法的语法和返回类型。我在@JeffMercado的解决方案下为@cadrell0的注释添加了“distinct”后缀。

public static class MyExtensions {

    public static IEnumerable<TResult> FullJoinDistinct<TLeft, TRight, TKey, TResult> (
        this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems, 
        IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems, 
        Func<TLeft, TKey> leftKeySelector, 
        Func<TRight, TKey> rightKeySelector,
        Func<TLeft, TRight, TResult> resultSelector
    ) {

        var leftJoin = 
            from left in leftItems
            join right in rightItems 
              on leftKeySelector(left) equals rightKeySelector(right) into temp
            from right in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
            select resultSelector(left, right);

        var rightJoin = 
            from right in rightItems
            join left in leftItems 
              on rightKeySelector(right) equals leftKeySelector(left) into temp
            from left in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
            select resultSelector(left, right);

        return leftJoin.Union(rightJoin);
    }

}

在这个例子中，你可以这样使用它:

var test = 
    firstNames
    .FullJoinDistinct(
        lastNames,
        f=> f.ID,
        j=> j.ID,
        (f,j)=> new {
            ID = f == null ? j.ID : f.ID, 
            leftName = f == null ? null : f.Name,
            rightName = j == null ? null : j.Name
        }
    );

在未来，随着我了解更多，我有一种感觉，我会迁移到@sehe的逻辑，因为它很受欢迎。但即使这样，我也必须小心，因为我觉得如果可行的话，至少有一个重载与现有的“.Join()”方法的语法匹配是很重要的，原因有两个:

方法的一致性有助于节省时间、避免错误和避免意外行为。 如果将来有一个开箱即用的“. fulljoin()”方法，我想它会尽量保持当前存在的“. join()”方法的语法。如果是这样，那么如果您想迁移到它，您可以简单地重命名函数，而不需要更改参数或担心不同的返回类型破坏您的代码。

对于泛型、扩展、Func语句和其他特性，我还是新手，所以当然欢迎反馈。

编辑:我没花很长时间就意识到我的代码有问题。我在LINQPad中做了一个. dump()，并查看返回类型。它只是IEnumerable，所以我试着匹配它。但是当我实际上在我的扩展上做了. where()或. select()时，我得到了一个错误:“系统集合。IEnumerable'不包含'Select'和…"的定义。因此，最后我能够匹配. join()的输入语法，但不能匹配返回行为。

编辑:将“TResult”添加到函数的返回类型中。在阅读微软的文章时错过了这一点，当然这是有道理的。有了这个修复，现在看来返回行为是符合我的目标毕竟。

下面是一个扩展方法:

public static IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TLeft, TRight>> FullOuterJoin<TLeft, TRight>(this IEnumerable<TLeft> leftItems, Func<TLeft, object> leftIdSelector, IEnumerable<TRight> rightItems, Func<TRight, object> rightIdSelector)
{
    var leftOuterJoin = from left in leftItems
        join right in rightItems on leftIdSelector(left) equals rightIdSelector(right) into temp
        from right in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
        select new { left, right };

    var rightOuterJoin = from right in rightItems
        join left in leftItems on rightIdSelector(right) equals leftIdSelector(left) into temp
        from left in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
        select new { left, right };

    var fullOuterJoin = leftOuterJoin.Union(rightOuterJoin);

    return fullOuterJoin.Select(x => new KeyValuePair<TLeft, TRight>(x.left, x.right));
}

两个或多个表的完全外部连接: 首先提取要连接的列。

var DatesA = from A in db.T1 select A.Date; 
var DatesB = from B in db.T2 select B.Date; 
var DatesC = from C in db.T3 select C.Date;            

var Dates = DatesA.Union(DatesB).Union(DatesC); 

然后在提取的列和主表之间使用左外连接。

var Full_Outer_Join =

(from A in Dates
join B in db.T1
on A equals B.Date into AB 

from ab in AB.DefaultIfEmpty()
join C in db.T2
on A equals C.Date into ABC 

from abc in ABC.DefaultIfEmpty()
join D in db.T3
on A equals D.Date into ABCD

from abcd in ABCD.DefaultIfEmpty() 
select new { A, ab, abc, abcd })
.AsEnumerable();

更新1:提供一个真正通用的扩展方法FullOuterJoin 更新2:可选地接受键类型的自定义IEqualityComparer 更新3:这个实现最近已经成为MoreLinq的一部分-谢谢大家!

编辑新增FullOuterGroupJoin (ideone)。我重用了GetOuter<>实现，使它的性能比它可能的要低一些，但我现在的目标是“高级”代码，而不是前沿优化。

请登录http://ideone.com/O36nWc观看直播

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    var ax = new[] { 
        new { id = 1, name = "John" },
        new { id = 2, name = "Sue" } };
    var bx = new[] { 
        new { id = 1, surname = "Doe" },
        new { id = 3, surname = "Smith" } };

    ax.FullOuterJoin(bx, a => a.id, b => b.id, (a, b, id) => new {a, b})
        .ToList().ForEach(Console.WriteLine);
}

打印输出:

{ a = { id = 1, name = John }, b = { id = 1, surname = Doe } }
{ a = { id = 2, name = Sue }, b =  }
{ a = , b = { id = 3, surname = Smith } }

您还可以提供默认值:http://ideone.com/kG4kqO

    ax.FullOuterJoin(
            bx, a => a.id, b => b.id, 
            (a, b, id) => new { a.name, b.surname },
            new { id = -1, name    = "(no firstname)" },
            new { id = -2, surname = "(no surname)" }
        )

印刷:

{ name = John, surname = Doe }
{ name = Sue, surname = (no surname) }
{ name = (no firstname), surname = Smith }

使用术语的解释:

连接是一个借用自关系数据库设计的术语:

只要b中有对应键的元素，连接就会重复A中的元素(即:如果b为空，则什么都没有)。数据库行话称之为内部连接(equi)。 外部连接包括没有对应的元素 元素存在于b中(即:如果b为空则结果为偶数)。这通常称为左连接。 一个完整的外部连接包括来自A和b的记录，如果另一个中不存在相应的元素。(即，如果a为空，则结果为偶数)

在RDBMS中不常见的是组连接[1]:

组连接与上面描述的相同，但它不是为多个对应的b重复A中的元素，而是用对应的键对记录进行分组。当您希望根据公共键枚举“已连接”记录时，这通常更方便。

另请参阅GroupJoin，其中还包含一些一般的背景说明。

[1](我相信Oracle和MSSQL对此有专有扩展)

完整代码

一个通用的“drop-in”扩展类

internal static class MyExtensions
{
    internal static IEnumerable<TResult> FullOuterGroupJoin<TA, TB, TKey, TResult>(
        this IEnumerable<TA> a,
        IEnumerable<TB> b,
        Func<TA, TKey> selectKeyA, 
        Func<TB, TKey> selectKeyB,
        Func<IEnumerable<TA>, IEnumerable<TB>, TKey, TResult> projection,
        IEqualityComparer<TKey> cmp = null)
    {
        cmp = cmp?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
        var alookup = a.ToLookup(selectKeyA, cmp);
        var blookup = b.ToLookup(selectKeyB, cmp);

        var keys = new HashSet<TKey>(alookup.Select(p => p.Key), cmp);
        keys.UnionWith(blookup.Select(p => p.Key));

        var join = from key in keys
                   let xa = alookup[key]
                   let xb = blookup[key]
                   select projection(xa, xb, key);

        return join;
    }

    internal static IEnumerable<TResult> FullOuterJoin<TA, TB, TKey, TResult>(
        this IEnumerable<TA> a,
        IEnumerable<TB> b,
        Func<TA, TKey> selectKeyA, 
        Func<TB, TKey> selectKeyB,
        Func<TA, TB, TKey, TResult> projection,
        TA defaultA = default(TA), 
        TB defaultB = default(TB),
        IEqualityComparer<TKey> cmp = null)
    {
        cmp = cmp?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
        var alookup = a.ToLookup(selectKeyA, cmp);
        var blookup = b.ToLookup(selectKeyB, cmp);

        var keys = new HashSet<TKey>(alookup.Select(p => p.Key), cmp);
        keys.UnionWith(blookup.Select(p => p.Key));

        var join = from key in keys
                   from xa in alookup[key].DefaultIfEmpty(defaultA)
                   from xb in blookup[key].DefaultIfEmpty(defaultB)
                   select projection(xa, xb, key);

        return join;
    }
}