您需要make()来创建通道和映射(以及切片，但这些也可以从数组创建)。没有其他方法来创建这些，所以不能从词典中删除make()。

至于new()，当可以使用结构语法时，我不知道为什么还需要它。但它确实有一个独特的语义含义，即“创建并返回一个将所有字段初始化为零值的结构体”，这很有用。

make function allocates and initializes an object of type slice, map, or chan only. Like new, the first argument is a type. But, it can also take a second argument, the size. Unlike new, make’s return type is the same as the type of its argument, not a pointer to it. And the allocated value is initialized (not set to zero value like in new). The reason is that slice, map and chan are data structures. They need to be initialized, otherwise they won't be usable. This is the reason new() and make() need to be different.

下面是Effective Go的例子:

p *[]int = new([]int) // *p = nil, which makes p useless
v []int = make([]int, 100) // creates v structure that has pointer to an array, length field, and capacity field. So, v is immediately usable

您需要make()来创建通道和映射(以及切片，但这些也可以从数组创建)。没有其他方法来创建这些，所以不能从词典中删除make()。

至于new()，当可以使用结构语法时，我不知道为什么还需要它。但它确实有一个独特的语义含义，即“创建并返回一个将所有字段初始化为零值的结构体”，这很有用。

除了在Effective Go中解释的所有内容外，new(T)和&T{}之间的主要区别是后者显式执行堆分配。但是，应该注意的是，这取决于实现，因此可能会发生变化。

比较make和new没有什么意义，因为两者执行完全不同的功能。但这在链接的文章中有详细的解释。

你能用它做的事情用其他方法做不到:

创建通道 创建一个预分配空间的映射 创建一个预先分配空间的切片，或者使用len != cap

要证明新的合理性有点难。它简化的主要事情是创建指向非复合类型的指针。 下面两个函数是等价的。一个更简洁一点:

func newInt1() *int { return new(int) }

func newInt2() *int {
    var i int
    return &i
}

new(T) - Allocates memory, and sets it to the zero value for type T.. ..that is 0 for int, "" for string and nil for referenced types (slice, map, chan) Note that referenced types are just pointers to some underlying data structures, which won't be created by new(T) Example: in case of slice, the underlying array won't be created, thus new([]int) returns a pointer to nothing make(T) - Allocates memory for referenced data types (slice, map, chan), plus initializes their underlying data structures Example: in case of slice, the underlying array will be created with the specified length and capacity Bear in mind that, unlike C, an array is a primitive type in Go!

话虽如此: make(T)的行为类似于复合文字语法 new(T)的行为类似于var(当变量未初始化时)

func main() {
    fmt.Println("-- MAKE --")
    a := make([]int, 0)
    aPtr := &a
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *aPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n\n", *aPtr)

    fmt.Println("-- COMPOSITE LITERAL --")
    b := []int{}
    bPtr := &b
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *bPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n\n", *bPtr)

    fmt.Println("-- NEW --")
    cPtr := new([]int)
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *cPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n\n", *cPtr)

    fmt.Println("-- VAR (not initialized) --")
    var d []int
    dPtr := &d
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *dPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n", *dPtr)
}

运行程序

-- MAKE --
pointer == nil : false
pointer value: 0x118eff0  # address to underlying array

-- COMPOSITE LITERAL --
pointer == nil : false
pointer value: 0x118eff0  # address to underlying array

-- NEW --
pointer == nil : true
pointer value: 0x0

-- VAR (not initialized) --
pointer == nil : true
pointer value: 0x0

进一步阅读: https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#allocation_new https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#allocation_make