new(T):它返回一个指向类型T的指针，一个类型为*T的值，它分配并归零内存。new(T)等价于&T{}。

make(T):返回类型为T的初始化值，分配并初始化内存。它用于切片，映射和通道。

Go有多种内存分配和值初始化的方式:

科技{…}， &someLocalVar, new, make

在创建复合字面量时也可以进行分配。

New可用于分配整数等值，&int是非法的:

new(Point)
&Point{}      // OK
&Point{2, 3}  // Combines allocation and initialization

new(int)
&int          // Illegal

// Works, but it is less convenient to write than new(int)
var i int
&i

new和make的区别可以从下面的例子中看出:

p := new(chan int)   // p has type: *chan int
c := make(chan int)  // c has type: chan int

假设Go没有new和make，但它有内置函数new。然后示例代码看起来像这样:

p := NEW(*chan int)  // * is mandatory
c := NEW(chan int)

*是强制性的，所以:

new(int)        -->  NEW(*int)
new(Point)      -->  NEW(*Point)
new(chan int)   -->  NEW(*chan int)
make([]int, 10) -->  NEW([]int, 10)

make(Point)  // Illegal
make(int)    // Illegal

是的，可以将new和make合并为一个内置函数。然而，一个内置函数可能比两个内置函数更容易让新程序员感到困惑。

考虑到以上几点，new和make保持分离似乎更合适。

new(T) - Allocates memory, and sets it to the zero value for type T.. ..that is 0 for int, "" for string and nil for referenced types (slice, map, chan) Note that referenced types are just pointers to some underlying data structures, which won't be created by new(T) Example: in case of slice, the underlying array won't be created, thus new([]int) returns a pointer to nothing make(T) - Allocates memory for referenced data types (slice, map, chan), plus initializes their underlying data structures Example: in case of slice, the underlying array will be created with the specified length and capacity Bear in mind that, unlike C, an array is a primitive type in Go!

话虽如此: make(T)的行为类似于复合文字语法 new(T)的行为类似于var(当变量未初始化时)

func main() {
    fmt.Println("-- MAKE --")
    a := make([]int, 0)
    aPtr := &a
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *aPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n\n", *aPtr)

    fmt.Println("-- COMPOSITE LITERAL --")
    b := []int{}
    bPtr := &b
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *bPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n\n", *bPtr)

    fmt.Println("-- NEW --")
    cPtr := new([]int)
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *cPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n\n", *cPtr)

    fmt.Println("-- VAR (not initialized) --")
    var d []int
    dPtr := &d
    fmt.Println("pointer == nil :", *dPtr == nil)
    fmt.Printf("pointer value: %p\n", *dPtr)
}

运行程序

-- MAKE --
pointer == nil : false
pointer value: 0x118eff0  # address to underlying array

-- COMPOSITE LITERAL --
pointer == nil : false
pointer value: 0x118eff0  # address to underlying array

-- NEW --
pointer == nil : true
pointer value: 0x0

-- VAR (not initialized) --
pointer == nil : true
pointer value: 0x0

进一步阅读: https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#allocation_new https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#allocation_make

您需要make()来创建通道和映射(以及切片，但这些也可以从数组创建)。没有其他方法来创建这些，所以不能从词典中删除make()。

至于new()，当可以使用结构语法时，我不知道为什么还需要它。但它确实有一个独特的语义含义，即“创建并返回一个将所有字段初始化为零值的结构体”，这很有用。

“make”的好处在其他答案中有很多，但是“New”比上面没有提到的make有一个额外的好处:泛型(截至1.18)。

假设你有一组平面(所有字段都是原语)结构体，如下所示:

type SomeStruct struct {
    V1 string `json:"v1"`
    V2 string `json:"v2"`
}

你想要创建一个映射函数，将一个map[string]字符串转换为任何结构体。然后你可以这样写:

func GetStructFromMap[T any](values map[string]string) (T, error) {
    myStr := T{}
    bytes, err := json.Marshal(values)
    if err != nil {
        return *myStr, err
    }

    if err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, str); err != nil {
        return *myStr, err
    }

    return *myStr, nil
}

但是，这段代码将抛出一个关于myStr:= T{}行的错误，关于无效的组合值。用myStr:= make(T)替换它会产生另一个关于没有底层类型的错误。因此，您需要将该行替换为myStr:= new(T)，这将创建一个对该结构的零值实例的引用。

可以看到，在处理泛型时，new可以用来实例化编译时未知的类型。

另一方面，在这个特定的示例中还可以使用命名返回类型，但更普遍的用法仍然有效。

make function allocates and initializes an object of type slice, map, or chan only. Like new, the first argument is a type. But, it can also take a second argument, the size. Unlike new, make’s return type is the same as the type of its argument, not a pointer to it. And the allocated value is initialized (not set to zero value like in new). The reason is that slice, map and chan are data structures. They need to be initialized, otherwise they won't be usable. This is the reason new() and make() need to be different.

下面是Effective Go的例子:

p *[]int = new([]int) // *p = nil, which makes p useless
v []int = make([]int, 100) // creates v structure that has pointer to an array, length field, and capacity field. So, v is immediately usable