在面向对象语言中，多态性允许通过同一个接口处理和处理不同的数据类型。例如，考虑c++中的继承: 类B派生自类A。类型为A*的指针(指向类A的指针)可以用来处理类A的对象和类B的对象。

多态性一词来自:

多

形态性=改变的能力

在编程中，多态性是一种“技术”，它允许您将一个对象“看作”不止一种类型的事物。例如:

学生对象也是人对象。如果你“看”这个学生，你可能会问他要学生证。你不能总是对一个人这么做，对吧?(一个人不一定是学生，因此可能没有学生证)。然而，每个人可能都有名字。学生也一样。

底线是，从不同的“角度”“看”同一个对象可以给你不同的“视角”(即不同的属性或方法)

因此，这种技术可以让你构建可以从不同角度“观察”的东西。

为什么我们使用多态性?首先……抽象。在这一点上，它应该是足够的信息:)

多态性字面上的意思是多种形状。(或多种形式): 对象来自不同的类和同名方法，但工作流不同。 一个简单的例子是:

假设一个人X。

他只是一个人，但他的行为却像许多人一样。 你可能会问:

他是他母亲的儿子。 朋友对朋友。 兄弟之于姐妹。

多态性是一个对象具有多种形式的能力。在OOP中，多态性最常见的用法是用父类引用引用子类对象。在这个用Java编写的例子中，我们有三种类型的车辆。我们创建了三个不同的对象，并尝试运行他们的轮子方法:

public class PolymorphismExample {

    public static abstract class Vehicle
    {
        public int wheels(){
            return 0;
        }
    }

    public static class Bike extends Vehicle
    {
        @Override
        public int wheels()
        {
            return 2;
        }
    }

    public static class Car extends Vehicle
    {
        @Override
        public int wheels()
        {
            return 4;
        }
    }

    public static class Truck extends Vehicle
    {
        @Override
        public int wheels()
        {
            return 18;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Vehicle bike = new Bike();
        Vehicle car = new Car();
        Vehicle truck = new Truck();

        System.out.println("Bike has "+bike.wheels()+" wheels");
        System.out.println("Car has "+car.wheels()+" wheels");
        System.out.println("Truck has "+truck.wheels()+" wheels");
    }

}

结果是:

欲了解更多信息，请访问https://github.com/m-vahidalizadeh/java_advanced/blob/master/src/files/PolymorphismExample.java。我希望这能有所帮助。

OOP中的多态性意味着一个类可以有不同的类型，继承是实现多态性的一种方式。

for example, Shape is an interface, it has Square, Circle, Diamond subtypes. now you have a Square object, you can upcasting Square to Shape automatically, because Square is a Shape. But when you try to downcasting Shape to Square, you must do explicit type casting, because you can't say Shape is Square, it could be Circle as well. so you need manually cast it with code like Square s = (Square)shape, what if the shape is Circle, you will get java.lang.ClassCastException, because Circle is not Square.

一般来说，它是一种使用相同或表面上相似的API来为许多不同类型的对象提供接口的能力。有多种形式:

Function overloading: defining multiple functions with the same name and different parameter types, such as sqrt(float), sqrt(double) and sqrt(complex). In most languages that allow this, the compiler will automatically select the correct one for the type of argument being passed into it, thus this is compile-time polymorphism. Virtual methods in OOP: a method of a class can have various implementations tailored to the specifics of its subclasses; each of these is said to override the implementation given in the base class. Given an object that may be of the base class or any of its subclasses, the correct implementation is selected on the fly, thus this is run-time polymorphism. Templates: a feature of some OO languages whereby a function, class, etc. can be parameterised by a type. For example, you can define a generic "list" template class, and then instantiate it as "list of integers", "list of strings", maybe even "list of lists of strings" or the like. Generally, you write the code once for a data structure of arbitrary element type, and the compiler generates versions of it for the various element types.