简单来说，它告诉编译器不要对特定变量做任何优化。映射到设备寄存器的变量由设备间接修改。在这种情况下，必须使用volatile。

volatile变量可以从编译代码的外部进行更改(例如，程序可以将volatile变量映射到内存映射寄存器)。编译器不会对处理易失性变量的代码应用某些优化——例如，它不会在不将其写入内存的情况下将其加载到寄存器。这在处理硬件寄存器时很重要。

volatile的另一个用途是信号处理程序。如果你有这样的代码:

int quit = 0;
while (!quit)
{
    /* very small loop which is completely visible to the compiler */
}

编译器可以注意到循环体没有触及quit变量，并将循环转换为while (true)循环。即使在信号处理程序上为SIGINT和SIGTERM设置了退出变量;编译器无法知道这一点。

但是，如果quit变量被声明为volatile，编译器将被迫每次加载它，因为它可以在其他地方修改。这正是你在这种情况下想要的。

在Dennis Ritchie设计的语言中，除了地址未被获取的自动对象外，对任何对象的每次访问都表现为计算对象的地址，然后在该地址上读写存储。这使得该语言非常强大，但严重限制了优化机会。

While it might have been possible to add a qualifier that would invite a compiler to assume that a particular object wouldn't be changed in weird ways, such an assumption would be appropriate for the vast majority of objects in C programs, and it would have been impractical to add a qualifier to all the objects for which such assumption would be appropriate. On the other hand, some programs need to use some objects for which such an assumption would not hold. To resolve this issue, the Standard says that compilers may assume that objects which are not declared volatile will not have their value observed or changed in ways that are outside the compiler's control, or would be outside a reasonable compiler's understanding.

Because various platforms may have different ways in which objects could be observed or modified outside a compiler's control, it is appropriate that quality compilers for those platforms should differ in their exact handling of volatile semantics. Unfortunately, because the Standard failed to suggest that quality compilers intended for low-level programming on a platform should handle volatile in a way that will recognize any and all relevant effects of a particular read/write operation on that platform, many compilers fall short of doing so in ways that make it harder to process things like background I/O in a way which is efficient but can't be broken by compiler "optimizations".

参见Andrei Alexandrescu的文章，“volatile——多线程程序员最好的朋友”

The volatile keyword was devised to prevent compiler optimizations that might render code incorrect in the presence of certain asynchronous events. For example, if you declare a primitive variable as volatile, the compiler is not permitted to cache it in a register -- a common optimization that would be disastrous if that variable were shared among multiple threads. So the general rule is, if you have variables of primitive type that must be shared among multiple threads, declare those variables volatile. But you can actually do a lot more with this keyword: you can use it to catch code that is not thread safe, and you can do so at compile time. This article shows how it is done; the solution involves a simple smart pointer that also makes it easy to serialize critical sections of code.

本文适用于C和c++。

参见Scott Meyers和Andrei Alexandrescu的文章“c++和双重检查锁定的危险”:

So when dealing with some memory locations (e.g. memory mapped ports or memory referenced by ISRs [ Interrupt Service Routines ] ), some optimizations must be suspended. volatile exists for specifying special treatment for such locations, specifically: (1) the content of a volatile variable is "unstable" (can change by means unknown to the compiler), (2) all writes to volatile data are "observable" so they must be executed religiously, and (3) all operations on volatile data are executed in the sequence in which they appear in the source code. The first two rules ensure proper reading and writing. The last one allows implementation of I/O protocols that mix input and output. This is informally what C and C++'s volatile guarantees.

我的简单解释是:

在某些情况下，基于逻辑或代码，编译器会对它认为不会改变的变量进行优化。volatile关键字阻止变量被优化。

例如:

bool usb_interface_flag = 0;
while(usb_interface_flag == 0)
{
    // execute logic for the scenario where the USB isn't connected 
}

从上面的代码中，编译器可能认为usb_interface_flag被定义为0，并且在while循环中它将永远为0。优化后，编译器会一直将其视为while(true)，导致无限循环。

为了避免这种情况，我们将标志声明为volatile，我们告诉编译器这个值可能会被外部接口或程序的其他模块改变，也就是说，请不要优化它。这就是volatile的用例。