在Dennis Ritchie设计的语言中，除了地址未被获取的自动对象外，对任何对象的每次访问都表现为计算对象的地址，然后在该地址上读写存储。这使得该语言非常强大，但严重限制了优化机会。

While it might have been possible to add a qualifier that would invite a compiler to assume that a particular object wouldn't be changed in weird ways, such an assumption would be appropriate for the vast majority of objects in C programs, and it would have been impractical to add a qualifier to all the objects for which such assumption would be appropriate. On the other hand, some programs need to use some objects for which such an assumption would not hold. To resolve this issue, the Standard says that compilers may assume that objects which are not declared volatile will not have their value observed or changed in ways that are outside the compiler's control, or would be outside a reasonable compiler's understanding.

Because various platforms may have different ways in which objects could be observed or modified outside a compiler's control, it is appropriate that quality compilers for those platforms should differ in their exact handling of volatile semantics. Unfortunately, because the Standard failed to suggest that quality compilers intended for low-level programming on a platform should handle volatile in a way that will recognize any and all relevant effects of a particular read/write operation on that platform, many compilers fall short of doing so in ways that make it harder to process things like background I/O in a way which is efficient but can't be broken by compiler "optimizations".

volatile在C语言中实际上是为了不自动缓存变量的值而存在的。它会告诉编译器不要缓存这个变量的值。因此，每次遇到给定的volatile变量时，它都会生成代码从主存中获取它的值。之所以使用这种机制，是因为该值在任何时候都可以被操作系统或任何中断修改。所以使用volatile可以帮助我们每次都重新访问值。

Volatile也很有用，当你想强制编译器不优化特定的代码序列时(例如编写一个微基准测试)。

我的简单解释是:

在某些情况下，基于逻辑或代码，编译器会对它认为不会改变的变量进行优化。volatile关键字阻止变量被优化。

例如:

bool usb_interface_flag = 0;
while(usb_interface_flag == 0)
{
    // execute logic for the scenario where the USB isn't connected 
}

从上面的代码中，编译器可能认为usb_interface_flag被定义为0，并且在while循环中它将永远为0。优化后，编译器会一直将其视为while(true)，导致无限循环。

为了避免这种情况，我们将标志声明为volatile，我们告诉编译器这个值可能会被外部接口或程序的其他模块改变，也就是说，请不要优化它。这就是volatile的用例。

我会提到另一个挥发物很重要的场景。

假设您为更快的I/O对文件进行内存映射，并且该文件可以在幕后更改(例如，该文件不在您的本地硬盘驱动器上，而是通过网络由另一台计算机提供)。

如果您通过指向非易失性对象的指针(在源代码级别)访问内存映射文件的数据，那么编译器生成的代码可以多次获取相同的数据，而您却不知道它。

如果该数据碰巧发生了变化，您的程序可能会使用两个或多个不同版本的数据，并进入不一致的状态。如果程序处理不受信任的文件或来自不受信任位置的文件，这不仅会导致程序的逻辑不正确行为，而且还会导致可利用的安全漏洞。

如果您关心安全性，这是一个需要考虑的重要场景。

volatile的另一个用途是信号处理程序。如果你有这样的代码:

int quit = 0;
while (!quit)
{
    /* very small loop which is completely visible to the compiler */
}

编译器可以注意到循环体没有触及quit变量，并将循环转换为while (true)循环。即使在信号处理程序上为SIGINT和SIGTERM设置了退出变量;编译器无法知道这一点。

但是，如果quit变量被声明为volatile，编译器将被迫每次加载它，因为它可以在其他地方修改。这正是你在这种情况下想要的。