如何使一个Python类序列化?

class FileItem:
    def __init__(self, fname):
        self.fname = fname

尝试序列化为JSON:

>>> import json
>>> x = FileItem('/foo/bar')
>>> json.dumps(x)
TypeError: Object of type 'FileItem' is not JSON serializable

当前回答

我们经常在日志文件中转储JSON格式的复杂字典。虽然大多数字段携带重要信息,但我们不太关心内置的类对象(例如子进程)。Popen对象)。由于存在这些不可序列化的对象,对json.dumps()的调用会失败。

为了解决这个问题,我构建了一个小函数来转储对象的字符串表示形式,而不是转储对象本身。如果您正在处理的数据结构嵌套太多,您可以指定嵌套的最大级别/深度。

from time import time

def safe_serialize(obj , max_depth = 2):

    max_level = max_depth

    def _safe_serialize(obj , current_level = 0):

        nonlocal max_level

        # If it is a list
        if isinstance(obj , list):

            if current_level >= max_level:
                return "[...]"

            result = list()
            for element in obj:
                result.append(_safe_serialize(element , current_level + 1))
            return result

        # If it is a dict
        elif isinstance(obj , dict):

            if current_level >= max_level:
                return "{...}"

            result = dict()
            for key , value in obj.items():
                result[f"{_safe_serialize(key , current_level + 1)}"] = _safe_serialize(value , current_level + 1)
            return result

        # If it is an object of builtin class
        elif hasattr(obj , "__dict__"):
            if hasattr(obj , "__repr__"):
                result = f"{obj.__repr__()}_{int(time())}"
            else:
                try:
                    result = f"{obj.__class__.__name__}_object_{int(time())}"
                except:
                    result = f"object_{int(time())}"
            return result

        # If it is anything else
        else:
            return obj

    return _safe_serialize(obj)

由于字典也可以有不可序列化的键,转储它们的类名或对象表示将导致所有键都具有相同的名称,这将抛出错误,因为所有键都需要有唯一的名称,这就是为什么当前时间Since epoch被int(time())附加到对象名称。

可以使用以下具有不同级别/深度的嵌套字典来测试该函数

d = {
    "a" : {
        "a1" : {
            "a11" : {
                "a111" : "some_value" ,
                "a112" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
            "a12" : {
                "a121" : "some_value" ,
                "a122" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
        } ,
        "a2" : {
            "a21" : {
                "a211" : "some_value" ,
                "a212" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
            "a22" : {
                "a221" : "some_value" ,
                "a222" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
        } ,
    } ,
    "b" : {
        "b1" : {
            "b11" : {
                "b111" : "some_value" ,
                "b112" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
            "b12" : {
                "b121" : "some_value" ,
                "b122" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
        } ,
        "b2" : {
            "b21" : {
                "b211" : "some_value" ,
                "b212" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
            "b22" : {
                "b221" : "some_value" ,
                "b222" : "some_value" ,
            } ,
        } ,
    } ,
    "c" : subprocess.Popen("ls -l".split() , stdout = subprocess.PIPE , stderr = subprocess.PIPE) ,
}

执行以下命令将会得到-

print("LEVEL 3")
print(json.dumps(safe_serialize(d , 3) , indent = 4))

print("\n\n\nLEVEL 2")
print(json.dumps(safe_serialize(d , 2) , indent = 4))

print("\n\n\nLEVEL 1")
print(json.dumps(safe_serialize(d , 1) , indent = 4))

结果:

LEVEL 3
{
    "a": {
        "a1": {
            "a11": "{...}",
            "a12": "{...}"
        },
        "a2": {
            "a21": "{...}",
            "a22": "{...}"
        }
    },
    "b": {
        "b1": {
            "b11": "{...}",
            "b12": "{...}"
        },
        "b2": {
            "b21": "{...}",
            "b22": "{...}"
        }
    },
    "c": "<Popen: returncode: None args: ['ls', '-l']>"
}



LEVEL 2
{
    "a": {
        "a1": "{...}",
        "a2": "{...}"
    },
    "b": {
        "b1": "{...}",
        "b2": "{...}"
    },
    "c": "<Popen: returncode: None args: ['ls', '-l']>"
}



LEVEL 1
{
    "a": "{...}",
    "b": "{...}",
    "c": "<Popen: returncode: None args: ['ls', '-l']>"
}

[注意]:仅在不关心内置类对象的序列化时使用此选项。

其他回答

基于Quinten Cabo的回答:

def sterilize(obj):
    """Make an object more ameniable to dumping as json
    """
    if type(obj) in (str, float, int, bool, type(None)):
        return obj
    elif isinstance(obj, dict):
        return {k: sterilize(v) for k, v in obj.items()}
    list_ret = []
    dict_ret = {}
    for a in dir(obj):
        if a == '__iter__' and callable(obj.__iter__):
            list_ret.extend([sterilize(v) for v in obj])
        elif a == '__dict__':
            dict_ret.update({k: sterilize(v) for k, v in obj.__dict__.items() if k not in ['__module__', '__dict__', '__weakref__', '__doc__']})
        elif a not in ['__doc__', '__module__']:
            aval = getattr(obj, a)
            if type(aval) in (str, float, int, bool, type(None)):
                dict_ret[a] = aval
            elif a != '__class__' and a != '__objclass__' and isinstance(aval, type):
                dict_ret[a] = sterilize(aval)
    if len(list_ret) == 0:
        if len(dict_ret) == 0:
            return repr(obj)
        return dict_ret
    else:
        if len(dict_ret) == 0:
            return list_ret
    return (list_ret, dict_ret)

区别在于

Works for any iterable instead of just list and tuple (it works for NumPy arrays, etc.) Works for dynamic types (ones that contain a __dict__). Includes native types float and None so they don't get converted to string. Classes that have __dict__ and members will mostly work (if the __dict__ and member names collide, you will only get one - likely the member) Classes that are lists and have members will look like a tuple of the list and a dictionary Python3 (that isinstance() call may be the only thing that needs changing)

如果你不介意为它安装一个包,你可以使用json-tricks:

pip install json-tricks

之后,你只需要从json_tricks导入dump(s)而不是json,它通常会工作:

from json_tricks import dumps
json_str = dumps(cls_instance, indent=4)

这将给

{
        "__instance_type__": [
                "module_name.test_class",
                "MyTestCls"
        ],
        "attributes": {
                "attr": "val",
                "dct_attr": {
                        "hello": 42
                }
        }
}

基本上就是这样!


这在一般情况下会很有效。有一些例外,例如,如果特殊的事情发生在__new__中,或者更多的元类魔法正在发生。

显然加载也可以(否则有什么意义):

from json_tricks import loads
json_str = loads(json_str)

这确实假设module_name.test_class。MyTestCls可以导入,并且没有以不兼容的方式进行更改。您将返回一个实例,而不是某个字典或其他东西,它应该是您转储的实例的相同副本。

如果你想自定义一些东西是如何(反)序列化的,你可以添加特殊的方法到你的类,像这样:

class CustomEncodeCls:
        def __init__(self):
                self.relevant = 42
                self.irrelevant = 37

        def __json_encode__(self):
                # should return primitive, serializable types like dict, list, int, string, float...
                return {'relevant': self.relevant}

        def __json_decode__(self, **attrs):
                # should initialize all properties; note that __init__ is not called implicitly
                self.relevant = attrs['relevant']
                self.irrelevant = 12

其中仅序列化部分属性参数,作为示例。

作为免费的奖励,你可以获得numpy数组、日期和时间、有序地图的(反)序列化,以及在json中包含注释的能力。

免责声明:我创建了json_tricks,因为我遇到了与您相同的问题。

正如在许多其他答案中提到的,您可以将函数传递给json。转储将不是默认支持的类型之一的对象转换为受支持的类型。令人惊讶的是,他们都没有提到最简单的情况,即使用内置函数vars将对象转换为包含其所有属性的dict:

json.dumps(obj, default=vars)

注意,这只涵盖了基本的情况,如果你需要对某些类型进行更具体的序列化(例如排除某些属性或没有__dict__属性的对象),你需要使用自定义函数或JSONEncoder,如其他答案中所述。

任何人都想在没有外部库的情况下使用基本转换,这只是如何使用以下方式覆盖自定义类的__iter__ & __str__函数。

class JSONCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
    def default(self, obj):
        return obj.__dict__


class Student:
    def __init__(self, name: str, slug: str):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def __iter__(self):
        yield from {
            "name": self.name,
            "age": self.age,
        }.items()

    def __str__(self):
        return json.dumps(
            self.__dict__, cls=JSONCustomEncoder, ensure_ascii=False
        )

通过在dict()中进行包装来使用该对象,从而保留数据。

s = Student("aman", 24)
dict(s)

加拉科给出了一个非常简洁的答案。我需要修复一些小的东西,但这是有效的:

Code

# Your custom class
class MyCustom(object):
    def __json__(self):
        return {
            'a': self.a,
            'b': self.b,
            '__python__': 'mymodule.submodule:MyCustom.from_json',
        }

    to_json = __json__  # supported by simplejson

    @classmethod
    def from_json(cls, json):
        obj = cls()
        obj.a = json['a']
        obj.b = json['b']
        return obj

# Dumping and loading
import simplejson

obj = MyCustom()
obj.a = 3
obj.b = 4

json = simplejson.dumps(obj, for_json=True)

# Two-step loading
obj2_dict = simplejson.loads(json)
obj2 = MyCustom.from_json(obj2_dict)

# Make sure we have the correct thing
assert isinstance(obj2, MyCustom)
assert obj2.__dict__ == obj.__dict__

注意,加载需要两个步骤。现在是__python__属性 未使用。

这种情况有多普遍?

使用AlJohri的方法,我检查了流行的方法:

序列化(Python -> JSON):

To_json: 266,595 on 2018-06-27 toJSON: 96,307 on 2018-06-27 __json__: 8504 on 2018-06-27 For_json: 6937 on 2018-06-27

反序列化(JSON -> Python):

From_json: 226,101 on 2018-06-27