在测试代码时，您可能想尝试使用Valgrind中的memcheck工具——它不会捕获堆栈框架内的单个数组边界违规，但它应该捕获许多其他类型的内存问题，包括那些会导致单个函数范围之外的微妙、更广泛的问题的问题。

摘自手册:

Memcheck is a memory error detector. It can detect the following problems that are common in C and C++ programs. Accessing memory you shouldn't, e.g. overrunning and underrunning heap blocks, overrunning the top of the stack, and accessing memory after it has been freed. Using undefined values, i.e. values that have not been initialised, or that have been derived from other undefined values. Incorrect freeing of heap memory, such as double-freeing heap blocks, or mismatched use of malloc/new/new[] versus free/delete/delete[] Overlapping src and dst pointers in memcpy and related functions. Memory leaks.

ETA:不过，正如卡兹的回答所说，它不是万能的，并且并不总是提供最有帮助的输出，特别是当您使用令人兴奋的访问模式时。

Objective-C中的nsarray被分配一个特定的内存块。超过数组的边界意味着您将访问没有分配给数组的内存。这意味着:

This memory can have any value. There's no way of knowing if the data is valid based on your data type. This memory may contain sensitive information such as private keys or other user credentials. The memory address may be invalid or protected. The memory can have a changing value because it's being accessed by another program or thread. Other things use memory address space, such as memory-mapped ports. Writing data to unknown memory address can crash your program, overwrite OS memory space, and generally cause the sun to implode.

从程序的角度来看，您总是想知道代码何时超出了数组的边界。这可能导致返回未知值，导致应用程序崩溃或提供无效数据。

你写的:

我读过很多“任何事情都可能发生”，“市场细分可能是。 “最不坏的问题”，“你的硬盘可能会变成粉红色，独角兽也可能 在你的窗下唱歌，这是很好的，但真正的 危险吗?

这么说吧，给枪上膛。瞄准窗外，不要瞄准，然后开火。危险在哪里?

The issue is that you do not know. If your code overwrites something that crashes your program you are fine because it will stop it into a defined state. However if it does not crash then the issues start to arise. Which resources are under control of your program and what might it do to them? I know at least one major issue that was caused by such an overflow. The issue was in a seemingly meaningless statistics function that messed up some unrelated conversion table for a production database. The result was some very expensive cleanup afterwards. Actually it would have been much cheaper and easier to handle if this issue would have formatted the hard disks ... with other words: pink unicorns might be your least problem.

认为操作系统会保护你的想法是乐观的。如果可能，尽量避免越界写作。

不以根用户或其他特权用户身份运行程序不会对任何系统造成损害，因此通常这可能是一个好主意。

通过将数据写入某个随机的内存位置，你不会直接“破坏”计算机上运行的任何其他程序，因为每个进程都运行在自己的内存空间中。

如果你试图访问任何没有分配给你的进程的内存，操作系统将停止你的程序执行分割错误。

因此，直接(无需以根用户身份运行并直接访问/dev/mem之类的文件)，您的程序不会干扰在您的操作系统上运行的任何其他程序。

尽管如此——这可能是你听说过的危险——盲目地将随机数据写入随机的内存位置，你肯定会损坏任何你能损坏的东西。

例如，您的程序可能希望删除存储在程序某处的文件名所给出的特定文件。如果你不小心覆盖了文件名所在的位置，你可能会删除一个完全不同的文件。

在测试代码时，您可能想尝试使用Valgrind中的memcheck工具——它不会捕获堆栈框架内的单个数组边界违规，但它应该捕获许多其他类型的内存问题，包括那些会导致单个函数范围之外的微妙、更广泛的问题的问题。

摘自手册:

Memcheck is a memory error detector. It can detect the following problems that are common in C and C++ programs. Accessing memory you shouldn't, e.g. overrunning and underrunning heap blocks, overrunning the top of the stack, and accessing memory after it has been freed. Using undefined values, i.e. values that have not been initialised, or that have been derived from other undefined values. Incorrect freeing of heap memory, such as double-freeing heap blocks, or mismatched use of malloc/new/new[] versus free/delete/delete[] Overlapping src and dst pointers in memcpy and related functions. Memory leaks.

ETA:不过，正如卡兹的回答所说，它不是万能的，并且并不总是提供最有帮助的输出，特别是当您使用令人兴奋的访问模式时。

不检查边界可能会导致严重的副作用，包括安全漏洞。其中最糟糕的是任意执行代码。在经典示例中:如果您有一个固定大小的数组，并使用strcpy()在那里放置一个用户提供的字符串，用户可以给您一个字符串，该字符串会溢出缓冲区并覆盖其他内存位置，包括函数结束时CPU应该返回的代码地址。

这意味着你的用户可以向你发送一个字符串，这将导致你的程序实质上调用exec(“/bin/sh”)，这将把它变成shell，在你的系统上执行任何他想要的东西，包括收集你的所有数据，并将你的机器变成僵尸网络节点。

关于如何做到这一点的详细信息，请参见Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit。