我有几个类实际上不需要任何状态。从组织的角度来看,我想把他们放在层次结构中。

但是我似乎不能为静态类声明继承。

就像这样:

public static class Base
{
}

public static class Inherited : Base
{
}

不会起作用。

为什么语言的设计者们拒绝了这种可能性呢?


当前回答

当创建只包含静态成员和私有构造函数的静态类时。唯一的原因是静态构造函数阻止类被实例化,因为我们不能继承静态类。访问静态类成员的唯一方法是使用类名本身。试图继承静态类并不是一个好主意。

其他回答

引用本文:

This is actually by design. There seems to be no good reason to inherit a static class. It has public static members that you can always access via the class name itself. The only reasons I have seen for inheriting static stuff have been bad ones, such as saving a couple of characters of typing. There may be reason to consider mechanisms to bring static members directly into scope (and we will in fact consider this after the Orcas product cycle), but static class inheritance is not the way to go: It is the wrong mechanism to use, and works only for static members that happen to reside in a static class. (Mads Torgersen, C# Language PM)

来自9频道的其他观点

Inheritance in .NET works only on instance base. Static methods are defined on the type level not on the instance level. That is why overriding doesn't work with static methods/properties/events... Static methods are only held once in memory. There is no virtual table etc. that is created for them. If you invoke an instance method in .NET, you always give it the current instance. This is hidden by the .NET runtime, but it happens. Each instance method has as first argument a pointer (reference) to the object that the method is run on. This doesn't happen with static methods (as they are defined on type level). How should the compiler decide to select the method to invoke? (littleguru)

作为一个有价值的想法,littleuru对这个问题有一个部分的“变通方案”:单例模式。

不能继承静态类的主要原因是它们是抽象且密封的(这也阻止了创建它们的任何实例)。

所以这个:

static class Foo { }

编译到这个IL:

.class private abstract auto ansi sealed beforefieldinit Foo
  extends [mscorlib]System.Object
 {
 }

你可以做的一个解决方法是不使用静态类,而是隐藏构造函数,这样类的静态成员是类外部唯一可访问的东西。结果是一个可继承的“静态”类:

public class TestClass<T>
{
    protected TestClass()
    { }

    public static T Add(T x, T y)
    {
        return (dynamic)x + (dynamic)y;
    }
}

public class TestClass : TestClass<double>
{
    // Inherited classes will also need to have protected constructors to prevent people from creating instances of them.
    protected TestClass()
    { }
}

TestClass.Add(3.0, 4.0)
TestClass<int>.Add(3, 4)

// Creating a class instance is not allowed because the constructors are inaccessible.
// new TestClass();
// new TestClass<int>();

不幸的是,由于“by-design”语言限制,我们无法做到:

public static class TestClass<T>
{
    public static T Add(T x, T y)
    {
        return (dynamic)x + (dynamic)y;
    }
}

public static class TestClass : TestClass<double>
{
}

嗯…如果你只是用静态方法填充非静态类,情况会有很大不同吗?

当我试图对第三方库编写IComparer<T>实现时,我遇到了这个问题,其中T是嵌入在类中的enum,如下所示:

public class TheClass
{
    public enum EnumOfInterest
    {
    }
}

但是因为枚举是在第三方库类中定义的,所以我不能编写比较器,因为下面给出了“不能扩展列表”错误:

public class MyComparer : IComparer<TheClass.EnumOfInterest>
{
}

我甚至没有扩展静态类——我只是实现类中定义的枚举的比较器。