从Python 3.2开始，有一个内置的装饰器:

@functools。lru_cache(最大容量= 100,输入= False)

装饰器使用一个可记忆可调用对象来包装函数，该可调用对象最多保存maxsize最近的调用。当使用相同的参数周期性地调用昂贵的或I/O绑定的函数时，它可以节省时间。

用于计算斐波那契数的LRU缓存示例:

from functools import lru_cache

@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def fib(n):
    if n < 2:
        return n
    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

>>> print([fib(n) for n in range(16)])
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610]

>>> print(fib.cache_info())
CacheInfo(hits=28, misses=16, maxsize=None, currsize=16)

如果你被Python 2困住了。X，这里是其他兼容的内存库列表:

functools32 | PyPI |源代码 repoze。lru | PyPI |源代码 pylru | PyPI |源代码 补丁。functools_lru_cache | PyPI |源代码

Werkzeug有一个cached_property装饰器(docs, source)

创建自己的装饰器并使用它

from django.core.cache import cache
import functools

def cache_returned_values(func):
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        key = "choose a unique key here"
        results = cache.get(key)
        if not results:
            results = func(*args, **kwargs)
            cache.set(key, results)
        return results

    return wrapper

现在看函数

@cache_returned_values
def get_some_values(args):
  return x

如果你正在使用Django框架，它有这样一个属性来缓存API的视图或响应 使用@cache_page(time)，也可以有其他选项。

例子:

@cache_page(60 * 15, cache="special_cache")
def my_view(request):
    ...

更多细节可以在这里找到。

我编写了这个简单的装饰器类来缓存函数响应。我发现它对我的项目非常有用:

from datetime import datetime, timedelta 

class cached(object):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.cached_function_responses = {}
        self.default_max_age = kwargs.get("default_cache_max_age", timedelta(seconds=0))

    def __call__(self, func):
        def inner(*args, **kwargs):
            max_age = kwargs.get('max_age', self.default_max_age)
            if not max_age or func not in self.cached_function_responses or (datetime.now() - self.cached_function_responses[func]['fetch_time'] > max_age):
                if 'max_age' in kwargs: del kwargs['max_age']
                res = func(*args, **kwargs)
                self.cached_function_responses[func] = {'data': res, 'fetch_time': datetime.now()}
            return self.cached_function_responses[func]['data']
        return inner

用法很简单:

import time

@cached
def myfunc(a):
    print "in func"
    return (a, datetime.now())

@cached(default_max_age = timedelta(seconds=6))
def cacheable_test(a):
    print "in cacheable test: "
    return (a, datetime.now())


print cacheable_test(1,max_age=timedelta(seconds=5))
print cacheable_test(2,max_age=timedelta(seconds=5))
time.sleep(7)
print cacheable_test(3,max_age=timedelta(seconds=5))

@lru_cache不适合默认attrs

我的@mem装饰:

import inspect
from copy import deepcopy
from functools import lru_cache, wraps
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable


# helper
def get_all_kwargs_values(f: Callable, kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> Iterable[Any]:
    default_kwargs = {
        k: v.default
        for k, v in inspect.signature(f).parameters.items()
        if v.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty
    }

    all_kwargs = deepcopy(default_kwargs)
    all_kwargs.update(kwargs)

    for key in sorted(all_kwargs.keys()):
        yield all_kwargs[key]


# the best decorator
def mem(func: Callable) -> Callable:
    cache = dict()

    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> Any:
        all_kwargs_values = get_all_kwargs_values(func, kwargs)
        params = (*args, *all_kwargs_values)
        _hash = hash(params)

        if _hash not in cache:
            cache[_hash] = func(*args, **kwargs)

        return cache[_hash]

    return wrapper


# some logic
def counter(*args) -> int:
    print(f'* not_cached:', end='\t')
    return sum(args)


@mem
def check_mem(a, *args, z=10) -> int:
    return counter(a, *args, z)


@lru_cache
def check_lru(a, *args, z=10) -> int:
    return counter(a, *args, z)


def test(func) -> None:
    print(f'\nTest {func.__name__}:')

    print('*', func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
    print('*', func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
    print('*', func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, z=6))
    print('*', func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, z=6))
    print('*', func(1))
    print('*', func(1, z=10))


def main():
    test(check_mem)
    test(check_lru)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

输出:

Test check_mem:
* not_cached:   * 25
* 25
* not_cached:   * 21
* 21
* not_cached:   * 11
* 11

Test check_lru:
* not_cached:   * 25
* 25
* not_cached:   * 21
* 21
* not_cached:   * 11
* not_cached:   * 11