我所知道的唯一方法是使用Win32独占锁API，这不是太快，但例子存在。

对于大多数人来说，一个简单的解决方案就是尝试/捕捉/睡眠循环。

上面接受的答案遇到了一个问题，如果文件已被打开以使用FileShare写入。读取模式或如果文件具有只读属性，代码将无法工作。这个修改后的解决方案最可靠，需要记住两件事(对于公认的解决方案也是如此):

它将不适用于已以写共享模式打开的文件 这没有考虑到线程问题，所以你需要锁定它或单独处理线程问题。

记住上面的内容，这将检查文件是被写入锁定还是被阻止读取锁定:

public static bool FileLocked(string FileName)
{
    FileStream fs = null;

    try
    {
        // NOTE: This doesn't handle situations where file is opened for writing by another process but put into write shared mode, it will not throw an exception and won't show it as write locked
        fs = File.Open(FileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.None); // If we can't open file for reading and writing then it's locked by another process for writing
    }
    catch (UnauthorizedAccessException) // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/y973b725(v=vs.110).aspx
    {
        // This is because the file is Read-Only and we tried to open in ReadWrite mode, now try to open in Read only mode
        try
        {
            fs = File.Open(FileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.None);
        }
        catch (Exception)
        {
            return true; // This file has been locked, we can't even open it to read
        }
    }
    catch (Exception)
    {
        return true; // This file has been locked
    }
    finally
    {
        if (fs != null)
            fs.Close();
    }
    return false;
}

使用此命令检查文件是否被锁定:

using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
internal static class Helper
{
const int ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION = 32;
const int ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION = 33;

private static bool IsFileLocked(Exception exception)
{
    int errorCode = Marshal.GetHRForException(exception) & ((1 << 16) - 1);
    return errorCode == ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION || errorCode == ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION;
}

internal static bool CanReadFile(string filePath)
{
    //Try-Catch so we dont crash the program and can check the exception
    try {
        //The "using" is important because FileStream implements IDisposable and
        //"using" will avoid a heap exhaustion situation when too many handles  
        //are left undisposed.
        using (FileStream fileStream = File.Open(filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.None)) {
            if (fileStream != null) fileStream.Close();  //This line is me being overly cautious, fileStream will never be null unless an exception occurs... and I know the "using" does it but its helpful to be explicit - especially when we encounter errors - at least for me anyway!
        }
    }
    catch (IOException ex) {
        //THE FUNKY MAGIC - TO SEE IF THIS FILE REALLY IS LOCKED!!!
        if (IsFileLocked(ex)) {
            // do something, eg File.Copy or present the user with a MsgBox - I do not recommend Killing the process that is locking the file
            return false;
        }
    }
    finally
    { }
    return true;
}
}

出于性能考虑，我建议您在同一操作中读取文件内容。下面是一些例子:

public static byte[] ReadFileBytes(string filePath)
{
    byte[] buffer = null;
    try
    {
        using (FileStream fileStream = File.Open(filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.None))
        {
            int length = (int)fileStream.Length;  // get file length
            buffer = new byte[length];            // create buffer
            int count;                            // actual number of bytes read
            int sum = 0;                          // total number of bytes read

            // read until Read method returns 0 (end of the stream has been reached)
            while ((count = fileStream.Read(buffer, sum, length - sum)) > 0)
                sum += count;  // sum is a buffer offset for next reading

            fileStream.Close(); //This is not needed, just me being paranoid and explicitly releasing resources ASAP
        }
    }
    catch (IOException ex)
    {
        //THE FUNKY MAGIC - TO SEE IF THIS FILE REALLY IS LOCKED!!!
        if (IsFileLocked(ex))
        {
            // do something? 
        }
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
    }
    finally
    {
    }
    return buffer;
}

public static string ReadFileTextWithEncoding(string filePath)
{
    string fileContents = string.Empty;
    byte[] buffer;
    try
    {
        using (FileStream fileStream = File.Open(filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.None))
        {
            int length = (int)fileStream.Length;  // get file length
            buffer = new byte[length];            // create buffer
            int count;                            // actual number of bytes read
            int sum = 0;                          // total number of bytes read

            // read until Read method returns 0 (end of the stream has been reached)
            while ((count = fileStream.Read(buffer, sum, length - sum)) > 0)
            {
                sum += count;  // sum is a buffer offset for next reading
            }

            fileStream.Close(); //Again - this is not needed, just me being paranoid and explicitly releasing resources ASAP

            //Depending on the encoding you wish to use - I'll leave that up to you
            fileContents = System.Text.Encoding.Default.GetString(buffer);
        }
    }
    catch (IOException ex)
    {
        //THE FUNKY MAGIC - TO SEE IF THIS FILE REALLY IS LOCKED!!!
        if (IsFileLocked(ex))
        {
            // do something? 
        }
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
    }
    finally
    { }     
    return fileContents;
}

public static string ReadFileTextNoEncoding(string filePath)
{
    string fileContents = string.Empty;
    byte[] buffer;
    try
    {
        using (FileStream fileStream = File.Open(filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.None))
        {
            int length = (int)fileStream.Length;  // get file length
            buffer = new byte[length];            // create buffer
            int count;                            // actual number of bytes read
            int sum = 0;                          // total number of bytes read

            // read until Read method returns 0 (end of the stream has been reached)
            while ((count = fileStream.Read(buffer, sum, length - sum)) > 0) 
            {
                sum += count;  // sum is a buffer offset for next reading
            }

            fileStream.Close(); //Again - this is not needed, just me being paranoid and explicitly releasing resources ASAP

            char[] chars = new char[buffer.Length / sizeof(char) + 1];
            System.Buffer.BlockCopy(buffer, 0, chars, 0, buffer.Length);
            fileContents = new string(chars);
        }
    }
    catch (IOException ex)
    {
        //THE FUNKY MAGIC - TO SEE IF THIS FILE REALLY IS LOCKED!!!
        if (IsFileLocked(ex))
        {
            // do something? 
        }
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
    }
    finally
    {
    }

    return fileContents;
}

你自己试试吧:

byte[] output1 = Helper.ReadFileBytes(@"c:\temp\test.txt");
string output2 = Helper.ReadFileTextWithEncoding(@"c:\temp\test.txt");
string output3 = Helper.ReadFileTextNoEncoding(@"c:\temp\test.txt");

也许您可以使用FileSystemWatcher并观察“已更改”事件。

我自己还没用过这个，但也许值得一试。如果对于这种情况，文件系统监控器显得有点重，那么我将使用try/catch/sleep循环。

我所知道的唯一方法是使用Win32独占锁API，这不是太快，但例子存在。

对于大多数人来说，一个简单的解决方案就是尝试/捕捉/睡眠循环。

根据我的经验，你通常想这样做，然后“保护”你的文件做一些奇特的事情，然后使用“保护”文件。如果你只想这样使用一个文件，你可以使用Jeremy Thompson在回答中解释的技巧。但是，如果您试图对大量文件执行此操作(例如，当您正在编写安装程序时)，则会受到相当大的伤害。

解决这个问题的一个非常优雅的方法是，如果您的文件系统中有一个文件正在使用，那么它将不允许您更改文件夹名称。将文件夹保存在同一个文件系统中，它会非常有效。

请注意，您应该了解可以利用这一点的明显方式。毕竟，文件不会被锁定。此外，请注意还有其他原因可能导致Move操作失败。显然，适当的错误处理(MSDN)可以帮助解决这个问题。

var originalFolder = @"c:\myHugeCollectionOfFiles"; // your folder name here
var someFolder = Path.Combine(originalFolder, "..", Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));

try
{
    Directory.Move(originalFolder, someFolder);

    // Use files
}
catch // TODO: proper exception handling
{
    // Inform user, take action
}
finally
{
    Directory.Move(someFolder, originalFolder);
}

对于单个文件，我坚持使用Jeremy Thompson发布的锁定建议。