我有一些模板代码，我宁愿存储在一个CPP文件，而不是内联在头。我知道这是可以做到的，只要您知道将使用哪种模板类型。例如:
. h文件
class foo
{
public:
template <typename T>
void do(const T& t);
};
. cpp文件
template <typename T>
void foo::do(const T& t)
{
// Do something with t
}
template void foo::do<int>(const int&);
template void foo::do<std::string>(const std::string&);
注意最后两行- foo::do模板函数只用于int和std::string，所以这些定义意味着应用程序将链接。
我的问题是-这是一个讨厌的黑客或这将与其他编译器/链接器工作吗?目前我只在VS2008中使用这段代码，但我想移植到其他环境中。
当前回答
这应该在支持模板的任何地方都能正常工作。显式模板实例化是c++标准的一部分。
其他回答
是的，这是做专门化显式实例化的标准方法。如您所述，您不能用其他类型实例化此模板。
编辑:根据评论进行更正。
让我们举一个例子，假设出于某种原因你想要一个模板类:
//test_template.h:
#pragma once
#include <cstdio>
template <class T>
class DemoT
{
public:
void test()
{
printf("ok\n");
}
};
template <>
void DemoT<int>::test()
{
printf("int test (int)\n");
}
template <>
void DemoT<bool>::test()
{
printf("int test (bool)\n");
}
如果你用Visual Studio编译这段代码，它可以开箱即用。 GCC将产生链接器错误(如果从多个.cpp文件中使用相同的头文件):
error : multiple definition of `DemoT<int>::test()'; your.o: .../test_template.h:16: first defined here
可以将实现移动到.cpp文件，但随后需要像这样声明类-
//test_template.h:
#pragma once
#include <cstdio>
template <class T>
class DemoT
{
public:
void test()
{
printf("ok\n");
}
};
template <>
void DemoT<int>::test();
template <>
void DemoT<bool>::test();
// Instantiate parametrized template classes, implementation resides on .cpp side.
template class DemoT<bool>;
template class DemoT<int>;
然后。cpp看起来是这样的:
//test_template.cpp:
#include "test_template.h"
template <>
void DemoT<int>::test()
{
printf("int test (int)\n");
}
template <>
void DemoT<bool>::test()
{
printf("int test (bool)\n");
}
如果头文件中没有最后两行- gcc可以正常工作，但是Visual studio会产生一个错误:
error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: void __cdecl DemoT<int>::test(void)" (?test@?$DemoT@H@@QEAAXXZ) referenced in function
如果你想通过.dll导出来公开函数，模板类语法是可选的，但这只适用于Windows平台-所以test_template.h可以像这样:
//test_template.h:
#pragma once
#include <cstdio>
template <class T>
class DemoT
{
public:
void test()
{
printf("ok\n");
}
};
#ifdef _WIN32
#define DLL_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define DLL_EXPORT
#endif
template <>
void DLL_EXPORT DemoT<int>::test();
template <>
void DLL_EXPORT DemoT<bool>::test();
使用前面示例中的.cpp文件。
然而，这给链接器带来了更多的头痛，所以如果你不导出.dll函数，建议使用前面的例子。
您描述的问题可以通过在头文件中定义模板来解决，也可以通过上面描述的方法来解决。
我推荐阅读c++ FAQ Lite中的以下几点:
为什么我不能将模板类的定义与其声明分开，并将其放入.cpp文件中? 我如何避免链接错误与我的模板函数? c++关键字导出如何帮助处理模板链接器错误?
它们详细讨论了这些(和其他)模板问题。
这是定义模板函数的标准方法。我认为有三种定义模板的方法。或者可能是4个。每一种都有利弊。
Define in class definition. I don't like this at all because I think class definitions are strictly for reference and should be easy to read. However it is much less tricky to define templates in class than outside. And not all template declarations are on the same level of complexity. This method also makes the template a true template. Define the template in the same header, but outside of the class. This is my preferred way most of the times. It keeps your class definition tidy, the template remains a true template. It however requires full template naming which can be tricky. Also, your code is available to all. But if you need your code to be inline this is the only way. You can also accomplish this by creating a .INL file at the end of your class definitions. Include the header.h and implementation.CPP into your main.CPP. I think that's how its done. You won't have to prepare any pre instantiations, it will behave like a true template. The problem I have with it is that it is not natural. We don't normally include and expect to include source files. I guess since you included the source file, the template functions can be inlined. This last method, which was the posted way, is defining the templates in a source file, just like number 3; but instead of including the source file, we pre instantiate the templates to ones we will need. I have no problem with this method and it comes in handy sometimes. We have one big code, it cannot benefit from being inlined so just put it in a CPP file. And if we know common instantiations and we can predefine them. This saves us from writing basically the same thing 5, 10 times. This method has the benefit of keeping our code proprietary. But I don't recommend putting tiny, regularly used functions in CPP files. As this will reduce the performance of your library.
注意，我不知道臃肿的obj文件的后果。
以上都不适合我，所以这里是如何解决它，我的类只有1个方法模板..
.h
class Model
{
template <class T>
void build(T* b, uint32_t number);
};
.cpp
#include "Model.h"
template <class T>
void Model::build(T* b, uint32_t number)
{
//implementation
}
void TemporaryFunction()
{
Model m;
m.build<B1>(new B1(),1);
m.build<B2>(new B2(), 1);
m.build<B3>(new B3(), 1);
}
这样可以避免链接错误，并且根本不需要调用TemporaryFunction
