在c#中什么时候应该使用volatile关键字?

有人能很好地解释一下c#中的volatile关键字吗?它能解决哪些问题，不能解决哪些问题?在哪些情况下，它将节省我使用锁定?

当前回答

只需查看volatile关键字的官方页面，您就可以看到典型用法的示例。

public class Worker
{
    public void DoWork()
    {
        bool work = false;
        while (!_shouldStop)
        {
            work = !work; // simulate some work
        }
        Console.WriteLine("Worker thread: terminating gracefully.");
    }
    public void RequestStop()
    {
        _shouldStop = true;
    }
    
    private volatile bool _shouldStop;
}

将volatile修饰符添加到_shouldStop的声明中，您将总是得到相同的结果。但是，如果_shouldStop成员上没有这个修饰符，行为是不可预测的。

所以这绝对不是完全疯狂的事情。

存在缓存一致性，负责CPU缓存的一致性。

如果CPU采用强内存模型(如x86)

因此，volatile字段的读写在x86上不需要特殊的指令:普通的读写(例如，使用MOV指令)就足够了。

示例来自c# 5.0规范(第10.5.3章)

using System;
using System.Threading;
class Test
{
    public static int result;   
    public static volatile bool finished;
    static void Thread2() {
        result = 143;    
        finished = true; 
    }
    static void Main() {

        finished = false;
        new Thread(new ThreadStart(Thread2)).Start();

        for (;;) {
            if (finished) {
                Console.WriteLine("result = {0}", result);
                return;
            }
        }
    }
}

产生输出:result = 143

如果finished字段没有被声明为volatile，那么在store to finished之后，允许主线程可以看到store to result，因此主线程可以从字段结果中读取值0。

Volatile行为依赖于平台，所以你应该在需要的时候考虑使用Volatile，以确保它能满足你的需求。

即使是volatile也不能阻止(所有类型的)重排序(c# - c#内存模型的理论与实践，第2部分)

尽管对A的写操作是不稳定的，从A_Won的读操作也是不稳定的，但栅栏都是单向的，实际上允许这种重新排序。

所以我相信，如果你想知道什么时候使用volatile (vs lock vs Interlocked)，你应该熟悉内存围栏(full, half)和同步的需求。那为了你自己，你自己去找答案吧。

2020-12-04 13:49:26

其他回答

有时候，编译器会优化一个字段并使用寄存器来存储它。如果线程1写了字段，而另一个线程访问了它，因为更新存储在寄存器(而不是内存)中，第二个线程将得到陈旧的数据。

你可以把volatile关键字看作是对编译器说“我想让你把这个值存储在内存中”。这保证了第二个线程检索到最新的值。

2008-09-16 13:52:16

从MSDN: volatile修饰符通常用于由多个线程访问而不使用lock语句序列化访问的字段。使用volatile修饰符可确保一个线程检索到另一个线程写入的最新值。

2008-09-16 13:45:58

我认为没有比Eric Lippert更好的人来回答这个问题了(在原文中强调):

In C#, "volatile" means not only "make sure that the compiler and the jitter do not perform any code reordering or register caching optimizations on this variable". It also means "tell the processors to do whatever it is they need to do to ensure that I am reading the latest value, even if that means halting other processors and making them synchronize main memory with their caches". Actually, that last bit is a lie. The true semantics of volatile reads and writes are considerably more complex than I've outlined here; in fact they do not actually guarantee that every processor stops what it is doing and updates caches to/from main memory. Rather, they provide weaker guarantees about how memory accesses before and after reads and writes may be observed to be ordered with respect to each other. Certain operations such as creating a new thread, entering a lock, or using one of the Interlocked family of methods introduce stronger guarantees about observation of ordering. If you want more details, read sections 3.10 and 10.5.3 of the C# 4.0 specification. Frankly, I discourage you from ever making a volatile field. Volatile fields are a sign that you are doing something downright crazy: you're attempting to read and write the same value on two different threads without putting a lock in place. Locks guarantee that memory read or modified inside the lock is observed to be consistent, locks guarantee that only one thread accesses a given chunk of memory at a time, and so on. The number of situations in which a lock is too slow is very small, and the probability that you are going to get the code wrong because you don't understand the exact memory model is very large. I don't attempt to write any low-lock code except for the most trivial usages of Interlocked operations. I leave the usage of "volatile" to real experts.

欲进一步阅读，请参阅:

理解低锁技术在多线程应用中的影响再见不稳定

2013-07-08 15:34:35