map() takes a Stream and transform it to another Stream. It applies a function on each element of Stream and store return value into new Stream. It does not flatten the stream. But flatMap() is the combination of a map and a flat operation i.e, it applies a function to elements as well as flatten them. 2) map() is used for transformation only, but flatMap() is used for both transformation and flattening. please read more here. https://javaint4bytes.blogspot.com/2022/11/stream-flatmap-in-java-with-examples.html

Oracle关于Optional的文章强调了map和flatmap的区别:

String version = computer.map(Computer::getSoundcard)
                  .map(Soundcard::getUSB)
                  .map(USB::getVersion)
                  .orElse("UNKNOWN");

Unfortunately, this code doesn't compile. Why? The variable computer is of type Optional<Computer>, so it is perfectly correct to call the map method. However, getSoundcard() returns an object of type Optional. This means the result of the map operation is an object of type Optional<Optional<Soundcard>>. As a result, the call to getUSB() is invalid because the outermost Optional contains as its value another Optional, which of course doesn't support the getUSB() method. With streams, the flatMap method takes a function as an argument, which returns another stream. This function is applied to each element of a stream, which would result in a stream of streams. However, flatMap has the effect of replacing each generated stream by the contents of that stream. In other words, all the separate streams that are generated by the function get amalgamated or "flattened" into one single stream. What we want here is something similar, but we want to "flatten" a two-level Optional into one. Optional also supports a flatMap method. Its purpose is to apply the transformation function on the value of an Optional (just like the map operation does) and then flatten the resulting two-level Optional into a single one. So, to make our code correct, we need to rewrite it as follows using flatMap:

String version = computer.flatMap(Computer::getSoundcard)
                   .flatMap(Soundcard::getUSB)
                   .map(USB::getVersion)
                   .orElse("UNKNOWN");

第一个flatMap确保返回Optional<Soundcard> 而不是一个Optional<Optional<Soundcard>>，和第二个flatMap 实现相同的目的，返回Optional<USB>。注意 第三个调用只需要一个map()，因为getVersion()返回一个 字符串而不是可选对象。

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/java8-optional-2175753.html

流。flatMap，顾名思义，是映射和平面操作的组合。这意味着您首先将一个函数应用到元素上，然后将其压平。流。Map仅将函数应用于流，而不会将流平展。

为了理解流的扁平化是由什么组成的，考虑一个像[[1,2,3]，[4,5,6]，[7,8,9]]这样的结构，它有“两个层次”。扁平化意味着将其转换为“一级”结构:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]。

传递给流的函数。Map必须返回一个对象。这意味着输入流中的每个对象都会导致输出流中的一个对象。

传递给流的函数。flatMap为每个对象返回一个流。这意味着该函数可以为每个输入对象返回任意数量的对象(包括none)。然后将结果流连接到一个输出流。

flatMap()还利用了流的部分延迟求值。它将读取第一个流，只有在需要时才会进入下一个流。这里详细解释了这种行为:flatMap保证是懒惰的吗?

流操作flatMap和map接受函数作为输入。

flatMap期望该函数为流的每个元素返回一个新的流，并返回一个流，该流结合了该函数为每个元素返回的流的所有元素。换句话说，使用flatMap，对于来自源的每个元素，函数将创建多个元素。http://www.zoftino.com/java-stream-examples#flatmap-operation

Map期望函数返回一个转换后的值，并返回一个包含转换后元素的新流。换句话说，使用map，对于来自源的每个元素，函数将创建一个转换后的元素。 http://www.zoftino.com/java-stream-examples#map-operation