map() takes a Stream and transform it to another Stream. It applies a function on each element of Stream and store return value into new Stream. It does not flatten the stream. But flatMap() is the combination of a map and a flat operation i.e, it applies a function to elements as well as flatten them. 2) map() is used for transformation only, but flatMap() is used for both transformation and flattening. please read more here. https://javaint4bytes.blogspot.com/2022/11/stream-flatmap-in-java-with-examples.html

如果你熟悉c#也可以很好的类比。基本上c# Select类似于java map和c# SelectMany java flatMap。对于集合，同样适用于Kotlin。

一行回答:flatMap帮助将Collection<Collection<T>>平铺为Collection<T>。以同样的方式，它还将一个Optional<Optional<T>>压扁为Optional<T>。

如你所见，只使用map():

中间类型为Stream<List<Item>> 返回类型为List<List<Item>>

和flatMap():

中间类型是Stream<Item> 返回类型为List<Item>

这是下面使用的代码的测试结果:

-------- Without flatMap() -------------------------------
     collect() returns: [[Laptop, Phone], [Mouse, Keyboard]]

-------- With flatMap() ----------------------------------
     collect() returns: [Laptop, Phone, Mouse, Keyboard]

代码使用:

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class Parcel {
  String name;
  List<String> items;

  public Parcel(String name, String... items) {
    this.name = name;
    this.items = Arrays.asList(items);
  }

  public List<String> getItems() {
    return items;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel amazon = new Parcel("amazon", "Laptop", "Phone");
    Parcel ebay = new Parcel("ebay", "Mouse", "Keyboard");
    List<Parcel> parcels = Arrays.asList(amazon, ebay);

    System.out.println("-------- Without flatMap() ---------------------------");
    List<List<String>> mapReturn = parcels.stream()
      .map(Parcel::getItems)
      .collect(Collectors.toList());
    System.out.println("\t collect() returns: " + mapReturn);

    System.out.println("\n-------- With flatMap() ------------------------------");
    List<String> flatMapReturn = parcels.stream()
      .map(Parcel::getItems)
      .flatMap(Collection::stream)
      .collect(Collectors.toList());
    System.out.println("\t collect() returns: " + flatMapReturn);
  }
}

Oracle关于Optional的文章强调了map和flatmap的区别:

String version = computer.map(Computer::getSoundcard)
                  .map(Soundcard::getUSB)
                  .map(USB::getVersion)
                  .orElse("UNKNOWN");

Unfortunately, this code doesn't compile. Why? The variable computer is of type Optional<Computer>, so it is perfectly correct to call the map method. However, getSoundcard() returns an object of type Optional. This means the result of the map operation is an object of type Optional<Optional<Soundcard>>. As a result, the call to getUSB() is invalid because the outermost Optional contains as its value another Optional, which of course doesn't support the getUSB() method. With streams, the flatMap method takes a function as an argument, which returns another stream. This function is applied to each element of a stream, which would result in a stream of streams. However, flatMap has the effect of replacing each generated stream by the contents of that stream. In other words, all the separate streams that are generated by the function get amalgamated or "flattened" into one single stream. What we want here is something similar, but we want to "flatten" a two-level Optional into one. Optional also supports a flatMap method. Its purpose is to apply the transformation function on the value of an Optional (just like the map operation does) and then flatten the resulting two-level Optional into a single one. So, to make our code correct, we need to rewrite it as follows using flatMap:

String version = computer.flatMap(Computer::getSoundcard)
                   .flatMap(Soundcard::getUSB)
                   .map(USB::getVersion)
                   .orElse("UNKNOWN");

第一个flatMap确保返回Optional<Soundcard> 而不是一个Optional<Optional<Soundcard>>，和第二个flatMap 实现相同的目的，返回Optional<USB>。注意 第三个调用只需要一个map()，因为getVersion()返回一个 字符串而不是可选对象。

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/java8-optional-2175753.html

对于Map，我们有一个元素列表和一个(函数，动作)f，这样:

[a,b,c] f(x) => [f(a),f(b),f(c)]

对于平面映射，我们有一个元素列表，我们有一个(function,action) f，我们希望结果是扁平的:

[[a,b],[c,d,e]] f(x) =>[f(a),f(b),f(c),f(d),f(e)]

简单的答案。

映射操作可以生成流的流。前流<流<整数> >

flatMap操作只会产生流。前流<整数>