在进行模板特化时，仍然需要显式内联函数(如果特化在.h文件中)

实际上，几乎从来没有。你所做的只是建议编译器将给定的函数内联(例如，替换对该函数的所有调用/w它的函数体)。当然，这不能保证:编译器可能会忽略该指令。

编译器通常会很好地检测和优化这样的事情。

除非您正在编写一个库或有特殊的原因，否则您可以忘记内联，而是使用链接时间优化。它消除了函数定义必须在头文件中才能考虑跨编译单元进行内联的要求，这正是内联所允许的。

(但请参阅为什么不使用链接时间优化?)

天啊，我最讨厌的事之一。

内联更像静态或extern，而不是告诉编译器内联函数的指令。Extern, static, inline是链接指令，几乎只由链接器使用，而不是编译器。

据说，内联提示编译器，你认为函数应该内联。这在1998年可能是正确的，但十年后，编译器不需要这样的提示。更不用说，当涉及到优化代码时，人类通常是错误的，所以大多数编译器会忽略“提示”。

static - the variable/function name cannot be used in other translation units. Linker needs to make sure it doesn't accidentally use a statically defined variable/function from another translation unit. extern - use this variable/function name in this translation unit but don't complain if it isn't defined. The linker will sort it out and make sure all the code that tried to use some extern symbol has its address. inline - this function will be defined in multiple translation units, don't worry about it. The linker needs to make sure all translation units use a single instance of the variable/function.

注意:通常，将模板声明为内联是没有意义的，因为它们已经具有内联的链接语义。但是，模板的显式专门化和实例化需要内联使用。

具体问题解答:

When should I write the keyword 'inline' for a function/method in C++? Only when you want the function to be defined in a header. More exactly only when the function's definition can show up in multiple translation units. It's a good idea to define small (as in one liner) functions in the header file as it gives the compiler more information to work with while optimizing your code. It also increases compilation time. When should I not write the keyword 'inline' for a function/method in C++? Don't add inline just because you think your code will run faster if the compiler inlines it. When will the compiler not know when to make a function/method 'inline'? Generally, the compiler will be able to do this better than you. However, the compiler doesn't have the option to inline code if it doesn't have the function definition. In maximally optimized code usually all private methods are inlined whether you ask for it or not. As an aside to prevent inlining in GCC, use __attribute__(( noinline )), and in Visual Studio, use __declspec(noinline). Does it matter if an application is multithreaded when one writes 'inline' for a function/method? Multithreading doesn't affect inlining in any way.

在进行模板特化时，仍然需要显式内联函数(如果特化在.h文件中)

F.5:如果一个函数非常小并且对时间要求很高，那么就内联声明它

原因:一些优化器在没有程序员提示的情况下很擅长内联，但不要依赖它。测量!在过去40年左右的时间里，我们一直被承诺在没有人类提示的情况下，编译器可以比人类更好地内联。我们还在等待。指定inline(在类定义中编写成员函数时显式或隐式)可以鼓励编译器更好地完成工作。

来源:https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines.html Rf-inline

有关示例和异常，请访问源代码(参见上面)。