我使用了与Alex相同的想法:一个元类和一个“init marker”，但结合重写__setattr__:
>>> from abc import ABCMeta
>>> _INIT_MARKER = '_@_in_init_@_'
>>> class _ImmutableMeta(ABCMeta):
...
... """Meta class to construct Immutable."""
...
... def __call__(cls, *args, **kwds):
... obj = cls.__new__(cls, *args, **kwds)
... object.__setattr__(obj, _INIT_MARKER, True)
... cls.__init__(obj, *args, **kwds)
... object.__delattr__(obj, _INIT_MARKER)
... return obj
...
>>> def _setattr(self, name, value):
... if hasattr(self, _INIT_MARKER):
... object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
... else:
... raise AttributeError("Instance of '%s' is immutable."
... % self.__class__.__name__)
...
>>> def _delattr(self, name):
... raise AttributeError("Instance of '%s' is immutable."
... % self.__class__.__name__)
...
>>> _im_dict = {
... '__doc__': "Mix-in class for immutable objects.",
... '__copy__': lambda self: self, # self is immutable, so just return it
... '__setattr__': _setattr,
... '__delattr__': _delattr}
...
>>> Immutable = _ImmutableMeta('Immutable', (), _im_dict)
注意:我直接调用元类，以使它在Python 2中都能工作。X和3.x。
>>> class T1(Immutable):
...
... def __init__(self, x=1, y=2):
... self.x = x
... self.y = y
...
>>> t1 = T1(y=8)
>>> t1.x, t1.y
(1, 8)
>>> t1.x = 7
AttributeError: Instance of 'T1' is immutable.
它也适用于插槽…:
>>> class T2(Immutable):
...
... __slots__ = 's1', 's2'
...
... def __init__(self, s1, s2):
... self.s1 = s1
... self.s2 = s2
...
>>> t2 = T2('abc', 'xyz')
>>> t2.s1, t2.s2
('abc', 'xyz')
>>> t2.s1 += 'd'
AttributeError: Instance of 'T2' is immutable.
．.． 和多重继承:
>>> class T3(T1, T2):
...
... def __init__(self, x, y, s1, s2):
... T1.__init__(self, x, y)
... T2.__init__(self, s1, s2)
...
>>> t3 = T3(12, 4, 'a', 'b')
>>> t3.x, t3.y, t3.s1, t3.s2
(12, 4, 'a', 'b')
>>> t3.y -= 3
AttributeError: Instance of 'T3' is immutable.
但是请注意，可变属性仍然是可变的:
>>> t3 = T3(12, [4, 7], 'a', 'b')
>>> t3.y.append(5)
>>> t3.y
[4, 7, 5]
