很难想出需要这种灵活结构的特定场合，也许在发送不同大小消息的消息协议中，但即使在这种情况下，也可能有更好、更适合程序员的替代方案。

联合有点像其他语言中的变体类型——它们一次只能保存一个东西，但这个东西可以是int型，浮点型等，这取决于你如何声明它。

例如:

typedef union MyUnion MYUNION;
union MyUnion
{
   int MyInt;
   float MyFloat;
};

MyUnion将只包含一个int或一个float，这取决于你最近设置的。所以这样做:

MYUNION u;
u.MyInt = 10;

U现在持有int = 10;

u.MyFloat = 1.0;

U现在持有一个等于1.0的浮点数。它不再持有int型。显然，如果你尝试printf("MyInt=%d" u.MyInt);那么你可能会得到一个错误，尽管我不确定具体的行为。

联合的大小由其最大字段的大小决定，在本例中为float。

联合在嵌入式编程或需要直接访问硬件/内存的情况下特别有用。这里有一个简单的例子:

typedef union
{
    struct {
        unsigned char byte1;
        unsigned char byte2;
        unsigned char byte3;
        unsigned char byte4;
    } bytes;
    unsigned int dword;
} HW_Register;
HW_Register reg;

然后，您可以按如下方式访问reg:

reg.dword = 0x12345678;
reg.bytes.byte3 = 4;

字节顺序和处理器体系结构当然很重要。

另一个有用的特性是位修饰符:

typedef union
{
    struct {
        unsigned char b1:1;
        unsigned char b2:1;
        unsigned char b3:1;
        unsigned char b4:1;
        unsigned char reserved:4;
    } bits;
    unsigned char byte;
} HW_RegisterB;
HW_RegisterB reg;

使用这段代码，您可以直接访问寄存器/内存地址中的单个位:

x = reg.bits.b2;

COM接口中使用的VARIANT呢?它有两个字段——“type”和一个包含实际值的联合，该值根据“type”字段进行处理。

在C的早期版本中，所有结构声明都共享一组公共字段。考虑到:

struct x {int x_mode; int q; float x_f};
struct y {int y_mode; int q; int y_l};
struct z {int z_mode; char name[20];};

a compiler would essentially produce a table of structures' sizes (and possibly alignments), and a separate table of structures' members' names, types, and offsets. The compiler didn't keep track of which members belonged to which structures, and would allow two structures to have a member with the same name only if the type and offset matched (as with member q of struct x and struct y). If p was a pointer to any structure type, p->q would add the offset of "q" to pointer p and fetch an "int" from the resulting address.

Given the above semantics, it was possible to write a function that could perform some useful operations on multiple kinds of structure interchangeably, provided that all the fields used by the function lined up with useful fields within the structures in question. This was a useful feature, and changing C to validate members used for structure access against the types of the structures in question would have meant losing it in the absence of a means of having a structure that can contain multiple named fields at the same address. Adding "union" types to C helped fill that gap somewhat (though not, IMHO, as well as it should have been).

An essential part of unions' ability to fill that gap was the fact that a pointer to a union member could be converted into a pointer to any union containing that member, and a pointer to any union could be converted to a pointer to any member. While the C89 Standard didn't expressly say that casting a T* directly to a U* was equivalent to casting it to a pointer to any union type containing both T and U, and then casting that to U*, no defined behavior of the latter cast sequence would be affected by the union type used, and the Standard didn't specify any contrary semantics for a direct cast from T to U. Further, in cases where a function received a pointer of unknown origin, the behavior of writing an object via T*, converting the T* to a U*, and then reading the object via U* would be equivalent to writing a union via member of type T and reading as type U, which would be standard-defined in a few cases (e.g. when accessing Common Initial Sequence members) and Implementation-Defined (rather than Undefined) for the rest. While it was rare for programs to exploit the CIS guarantees with actual objects of union type, it was far more common to exploit the fact that pointers to objects of unknown origin had to behave like pointers to union members and have the behavioral guarantees associated therewith.

联合通常用于整数和浮点数的二进制表示之间的转换:

union
{
  int i;
  float f;
} u;

// Convert floating-point bits to integer:
u.f = 3.14159f;
printf("As integer: %08x\n", u.i);

尽管根据C标准，这在技术上是未定义的行为(您只应该阅读最近编写的字段)，但它将在几乎任何编译器中以定义良好的方式起作用。

联合有时也被用来实现C语言中的伪多态性，通过给一个结构一些标记来指示它包含什么类型的对象，然后将可能的类型联合在一起:

enum Type { INTS, FLOATS, DOUBLE };
struct S
{
  Type s_type;
  union
  {
    int s_ints[2];
    float s_floats[2];
    double s_double;
  };
};

void do_something(struct S *s)
{
  switch(s->s_type)
  {
    case INTS:  // do something with s->s_ints
      break;

    case FLOATS:  // do something with s->s_floats
      break;

    case DOUBLE:  // do something with s->s_double
      break;
  }
}

这使得struct S的大小只有12字节，而不是28字节。

很难想出需要这种灵活结构的特定场合，也许在发送不同大小消息的消息协议中，但即使在这种情况下，也可能有更好、更适合程序员的替代方案。

联合有点像其他语言中的变体类型——它们一次只能保存一个东西，但这个东西可以是int型，浮点型等，这取决于你如何声明它。

例如:

typedef union MyUnion MYUNION;
union MyUnion
{
   int MyInt;
   float MyFloat;
};

MyUnion将只包含一个int或一个float，这取决于你最近设置的。所以这样做:

MYUNION u;
u.MyInt = 10;

U现在持有int = 10;

u.MyFloat = 1.0;

U现在持有一个等于1.0的浮点数。它不再持有int型。显然，如果你尝试printf("MyInt=%d" u.MyInt);那么你可能会得到一个错误，尽管我不确定具体的行为。

联合的大小由其最大字段的大小决定，在本例中为float。