COM接口中使用的VARIANT呢?它有两个字段——“type”和一个包含实际值的联合，该值根据“type”字段进行处理。

当您希望对由硬件、设备或网络协议定义的结构进行建模时，或者当您要创建大量对象并希望节省空间时，可以使用联合。不过，在95%的情况下，你真的不需要它们，坚持使用易于调试的代码。

工会是伟大的。我所见过的联合的一个聪明用法是在定义事件时使用它们。例如，您可能决定一个事件是32位的。

现在，在这32位中，您可能希望将前8位指定为事件发送方的标识符……有时你要把事件作为一个整体来处理，有时你要剖析它并比较它的组成部分。工会让你可以灵活地做到这两点。

union Event
{
  unsigned long eventCode;
  unsigned char eventParts[4];
};

有很多用法。只需执行grep union /usr/include/*或类似目录。大多数情况下，联合被包装在结构中，结构的一个成员告诉联合中的哪个元素可以访问。例如，为现实生活的实现签出man elf。

这是基本原则:

struct _mydata {
    int which_one;
    union _data {
            int a;
            float b;
            char c;
    } foo;
} bar;

switch (bar.which_one)
{
   case INTEGER  :  /* access bar.foo.a;*/ break;
   case FLOATING :  /* access bar.foo.b;*/ break;
   case CHARACTER:  /* access bar.foo.c;*/ break;
}

在C的早期版本中，所有结构声明都共享一组公共字段。考虑到:

struct x {int x_mode; int q; float x_f};
struct y {int y_mode; int q; int y_l};
struct z {int z_mode; char name[20];};

a compiler would essentially produce a table of structures' sizes (and possibly alignments), and a separate table of structures' members' names, types, and offsets. The compiler didn't keep track of which members belonged to which structures, and would allow two structures to have a member with the same name only if the type and offset matched (as with member q of struct x and struct y). If p was a pointer to any structure type, p->q would add the offset of "q" to pointer p and fetch an "int" from the resulting address.

Given the above semantics, it was possible to write a function that could perform some useful operations on multiple kinds of structure interchangeably, provided that all the fields used by the function lined up with useful fields within the structures in question. This was a useful feature, and changing C to validate members used for structure access against the types of the structures in question would have meant losing it in the absence of a means of having a structure that can contain multiple named fields at the same address. Adding "union" types to C helped fill that gap somewhat (though not, IMHO, as well as it should have been).

An essential part of unions' ability to fill that gap was the fact that a pointer to a union member could be converted into a pointer to any union containing that member, and a pointer to any union could be converted to a pointer to any member. While the C89 Standard didn't expressly say that casting a T* directly to a U* was equivalent to casting it to a pointer to any union type containing both T and U, and then casting that to U*, no defined behavior of the latter cast sequence would be affected by the union type used, and the Standard didn't specify any contrary semantics for a direct cast from T to U. Further, in cases where a function received a pointer of unknown origin, the behavior of writing an object via T*, converting the T* to a U*, and then reading the object via U* would be equivalent to writing a union via member of type T and reading as type U, which would be standard-defined in a few cases (e.g. when accessing Common Initial Sequence members) and Implementation-Defined (rather than Undefined) for the rest. While it was rare for programs to exploit the CIS guarantees with actual objects of union type, it was far more common to exploit the fact that pointers to objects of unknown origin had to behave like pointers to union members and have the behavioral guarantees associated therewith.

联合在嵌入式编程或需要直接访问硬件/内存的情况下特别有用。这里有一个简单的例子:

typedef union
{
    struct {
        unsigned char byte1;
        unsigned char byte2;
        unsigned char byte3;
        unsigned char byte4;
    } bytes;
    unsigned int dword;
} HW_Register;
HW_Register reg;

然后，您可以按如下方式访问reg:

reg.dword = 0x12345678;
reg.bytes.byte3 = 4;

字节顺序和处理器体系结构当然很重要。

另一个有用的特性是位修饰符:

typedef union
{
    struct {
        unsigned char b1:1;
        unsigned char b2:1;
        unsigned char b3:1;
        unsigned char b4:1;
        unsigned char reserved:4;
    } bits;
    unsigned char byte;
} HW_RegisterB;
HW_RegisterB reg;

使用这段代码，您可以直接访问寄存器/内存地址中的单个位:

x = reg.bits.b2;