我更喜欢这个解决方案，我发现它非常清晰和直接。例如，如果其他线程已经创建了它，它将使用双重检查。需要考虑的另一件事是确保反序列化不会创建任何其他实例。https://gist.github.com/werediver/4396488

import threading


# Based on tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance() approach.
# See https://github.com/facebook/tornado
class SingletonMixin(object):
    __singleton_lock = threading.Lock()
    __singleton_instance = None

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls):
        if not cls.__singleton_instance:
            with cls.__singleton_lock:
                if not cls.__singleton_instance:
                    cls.__singleton_instance = cls()
        return cls.__singleton_instance


if __name__ == '__main__':
    class A(SingletonMixin):
        pass

    class B(SingletonMixin):
        pass

    a, a2 = A.instance(), A.instance()
    b, b2 = B.instance(), B.instance()

    assert a is a2
    assert b is b2
    assert a is not b

    print('a:  %s\na2: %s' % (a, a2))
    print('b:  %s\nb2: %s' % (b, b2))

如果要将实例用作属性，可以使用元类。例如

class SingletonMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        cls._instance = None
        cls._locker = threading.Lock()

    @property
    def instance(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self._instance is None:
            with self._locker:
                if self._instance is None:
                    self._instance = self(*args, **kwargs)
        return self._instance


class MyClass(metaclass=SingletonMeta):
    def __init__(self):
        # init here
        pass


# get the instance
my_class_instance = MyClass.instance

好吧，除了同意Pythonic关于模块级全局的一般建议之外，这又如何呢

def singleton(class_):
    class class_w(class_):
        _instance = None
        def __new__(class2, *args, **kwargs):
            if class_w._instance is None:
                class_w._instance = super(class_w, class2).__new__(class2, *args, **kwargs)
                class_w._instance._sealed = False
            return class_w._instance
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            if self._sealed:
                return
            super(class_w, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self._sealed = True
    class_w.__name__ = class_.__name__
    return class_w

@singleton
class MyClass(object):
    def __init__(self, text):
        print text
    @classmethod
    def name(class_):
        print class_.__name__

x = MyClass(111)
x.name()
y = MyClass(222)
print id(x) == id(y)

输出为：

111     # the __init__ is called only on the 1st time
MyClass # the __name__ is preserved
True    # this is actually the same instance

这是我自己的单线图实现。你所要做的就是装饰课堂；要获得单例，您必须使用Instance方法。下面是一个示例：

@Singleton
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        print 'Foo created'

f = Foo() # Error, this isn't how you get the instance of a singleton

f = Foo.Instance() # Good. Being explicit is in line with the Python Zen
g = Foo.Instance() # Returns already created instance

print f is g # True

下面是代码：

class Singleton:
    """
    A non-thread-safe helper class to ease implementing singletons.
    This should be used as a decorator -- not a metaclass -- to the
    class that should be a singleton.

    The decorated class can define one `__init__` function that
    takes only the `self` argument. Other than that, there are
    no restrictions that apply to the decorated class.
 
    To get the singleton instance, use the `Instance` method. Trying
    to use `__call__` will result in a `TypeError` being raised.

    Limitations: The decorated class cannot be inherited from.

    """

    def __init__(self, decorated):
        self._decorated = decorated

    def Instance(self):
        """
        Returns the singleton instance. Upon its first call, it creates a
        new instance of the decorated class and calls its `__init__` method.
        On all subsequent calls, the already created instance is returned.

        """
        try:
            return self._instance
        except AttributeError:
            self._instance = self._decorated()
            return self._instance

    def __call__(self):
        raise TypeError('Singletons must be accessed through `Instance()`.')

    def __instancecheck__(self, inst):
        return isinstance(inst, self._decorated)

如果您不需要对Singleton实例进行延迟初始化，那么以下操作应该是简单且线程安全的：

class A:
    instance = None
    # Methods and variables of the class/object A follow
A.instance = A()

这样，A是在模块导入时初始化的单例。

我会把我的扔到戒指里。这是一个简单的装饰器。

from abc import ABC

def singleton(real_cls):

    class SingletonFactory(ABC):

        instance = None

        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            if not cls.instance:
                cls.instance = real_cls(*args, **kwargs)
            return cls.instance

    SingletonFactory.register(real_cls)
    return SingletonFactory

# Usage
@singleton
class YourClass:
    ...  # Your normal implementation, no special requirements.

我认为它比其他一些解决方案有好处：

它清晰简洁（在我看来；D）。它的作用是完全封闭的。你不需要改变YourClass的实现。这包括不需要为类使用元类（请注意，上面的元类在工厂中，而不是“真实”类）。它不依赖猴子修补任何东西。它对呼叫者是透明的：调用者仍然只是简单地导入YourClass，它看起来像一个类（因为它是），并且他们正常使用它。无需使调用者适应工厂函数。YourClass（）实例化的仍然是您实现的YourClass的真实实例，而不是任何类型的代理，因此不会产生任何副作用。isinstance（例如，YourClass）和类似的操作仍按预期工作（尽管这个位确实需要abc，因此排除了Python＜2.6）。

一个缺点确实出现在我身上：真实类的类方法和静态方法不能通过隐藏它的工厂类透明地调用。我很少使用这种方法，我从来没有遇到过这种需要，但通过在工厂上使用一个自定义元类来实现__getattr__（），将所有的属性访问委托给真实类，这很容易纠正。

我实际上发现了一个更有用的相关模式（我并不是说这类事情经常需要），那就是“唯一”模式，用相同的参数实例化类会得到相同的实例。即“每个参数一个”。上述内容很好地适应了这一点，变得更加简洁：

def unique(real_cls):

    class UniqueFactory(ABC):

        @functools.lru_cache(None)  # Handy for 3.2+, but use any memoization decorator you like
        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            return real_cls(*args, **kwargs)

    UniqueFactory.register(real_cls)
    return UniqueFactory

尽管如此，我还是同意一般的建议，如果你认为你需要这些东西中的一件，你真的应该停下来问问自己是否真的需要。