空集合。如果您正在使用c#，那么假定最大化系统资源并不是必要的。虽然效率较低，但返回Empty Collection对于所涉及的程序员来说要方便得多(出于Will在上面概述的原因)。

我喜欢在这里用适当的例子来解释。

考虑一个案例。

int totalValue = MySession.ListCustomerAccounts()
                          .FindAll(ac => ac.AccountHead.AccountHeadID 
                                         == accountHead.AccountHeadID)
                          .Sum(account => account.AccountValue);

这里考虑我使用的函数..

1. ListCustomerAccounts() // User Defined
2. FindAll()              // Pre-defined Library Function

我可以很容易地使用ListCustomerAccount和FindAll代替。

int totalValue = 0; 
List<CustomerAccounts> custAccounts = ListCustomerAccounts();
if(custAccounts !=null ){
  List<CustomerAccounts> custAccountsFiltered = 
        custAccounts.FindAll(ac => ac.AccountHead.AccountHeadID 
                                   == accountHead.AccountHeadID );
   if(custAccountsFiltered != null)
      totalValue = custAccountsFiltered.Sum(account => 
                                            account.AccountValue).ToString();
}

注意:由于AccountValue不为空，Sum()函数不会为空 返回null。因此我可以直接使用它。

空集合。总是这样。

这糟透了:

if(myInstance.CollectionProperty != null)
{
  foreach(var item in myInstance.CollectionProperty)
    /* arrgh */
}

在返回集合或枚举对象时，NEVER返回null被认为是最佳实践。ALWAYS返回一个空的可枚举/集合。它可以防止前面提到的废话，并防止你的车被同事和你的类的用户怂恿。

在谈论属性时，总是设置一次属性，然后忘记它

public List<Foo> Foos {public get; private set;}

public Bar() { Foos = new List<Foo>(); }

在.NET 4.6.1中，你可以将这些内容进行大量压缩:

public List<Foo> Foos { get; } = new List<Foo>();

当谈论返回枚举对象的方法时，你可以很容易地返回一个空的枚举对象而不是null…

public IEnumerable<Foo> GetMyFoos()
{
  return InnerGetFoos() ?? Enumerable.Empty<Foo>();
}

使用Enumerable.Empty<T>()可以被视为比返回一个新的空集合或数组更有效。

I call it my billion-dollar mistake…At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object-oriented language. My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn’t resist the temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years. – Tony Hoare, inventor of ALGOL W.

See here for an elaborate shit storm about null in general. I do not agree with the statement that undefined is another null, but it is still worth reading. And it explains, why you should avoid null at all and not just in the case you have asked. The essence is, that null is in any language a special case. You have to think about null as an exception. undefined is different in that way, that code dealing with undefined behavior is in most cases just a bug. C and most other languages have also undefined behavior but most of them have no identifier for that in the language.

总是为你的客户端着想(他们正在使用你的api):

返回'null'通常会导致客户端不能正确处理null检查的问题，这会导致运行时出现NullPointerException异常。我曾经见过这样的情况，缺少空检查会导致优先级生产问题(客户端对空值使用foreach(…))。在测试期间，问题没有发生，因为所操作的数据略有不同。

框架设计指引第二版(第256页):

不返回空值从 集合属性或方法 返回集合。返回空 集合或空数组。

这是另一篇关于不返回null的好处的有趣文章(我试图在Brad Abram的博客上找到一些东西，他链接到了这篇文章)。

编辑-正如Eric Lippert现在对原始问题的评论，我也想链接到他的优秀文章。