I have been having a lot of luck with jpg images taken with the same camera on a tripod by (1) simplifying greatly (like going from 3000 pixels wide to 100 pixels wide or even fewer) (2) flattening each jpg array into a single vector (3) pairwise correlating sequential images with a simple correlate algorithm to get correlation coefficient (4) squaring correlation coefficient to get r-square (i.e fraction of variability in one image explained by variation in the next) (5) generally in my application if r-square < 0.9, I say the two images are different and something happened in between.

这是强大的和快速的在我的实现(Mathematica 7)

这是值得玩转的部分，你感兴趣的图像，并通过裁剪所有的图像到那个小区域，否则一个远离相机但重要的变化将被错过。

我不知道如何使用Python，但我确信它也有相关性，不是吗?

我特别要解决的问题是如何计算它们是否“足够不同”。我假设你能弄清楚如何一个一个地减去像素。

首先，我将取一堆没有任何变化的图像，并找出任何像素变化的最大量，仅仅是因为捕获的变化、成像系统中的噪声、JPEG压缩工件和照明的每时每刻的变化。也许你会发现，即使没有任何移动，1或2位的差异也是可以预期的。

对于“真实”测试，你需要一个这样的标准:

如果最多P个像素的差异不超过E，则相同。

所以，如果E = 0.02, P = 1000，这可能意味着(大约)如果任何单个像素改变超过5个单位(假设8位图像)，或者如果超过1000个像素有任何错误，这将是“不同的”。

这主要是一种很好的“分类”技术，用于快速识别足够接近而不需要进一步检查的图像。“失败”的图像可能更多的是一种更复杂/昂贵的技术，例如，如果相机抖动，或者对光线变化更健壮，就不会产生假阳性。

I run an open source project, OpenImageIO, that contains a utility called "idiff" that compares differences with thresholds like this (even more elaborate, actually). Even if you don't want to use this software, you may want to look at the source to see how we did it. It's used commercially quite a bit and this thresholding technique was developed so that we could have a test suite for rendering and image processing software, with "reference images" that might have small differences from platform-to-platform or as we made minor tweaks to tha algorithms, so we wanted a "match within tolerance" operation.

推土机的距离可能正是你所需要的。 不过，要实时实现它可能有点重。

你可以计算这两个图像的直方图，然后计算Bhattacharyya系数，这是一个非常快速的算法，我已经用它来检测板球视频中的镜头变化(在C中使用openCV)

import os
from PIL import Image
from PIL import ImageFile
import imagehash
  
#just use to the size diferent picture
def compare_image(img_file1, img_file2):
    if img_file1 == img_file2:
        return True
    fp1 = open(img_file1, 'rb')
    fp2 = open(img_file2, 'rb')

    img1 = Image.open(fp1)
    img2 = Image.open(fp2)

    ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True
    b = img1 == img2

    fp1.close()
    fp2.close()

    return b





#through picturu hash to compare
def get_hash_dict(dir):
    hash_dict = {}
    image_quantity = 0
    for _, _, files in os.walk(dir):
        for i, fileName in enumerate(files):
            with open(dir + fileName, 'rb') as fp:
                hash_dict[dir + fileName] = imagehash.average_hash(Image.open(fp))
                image_quantity += 1

    return hash_dict, image_quantity

def compare_image_with_hash(image_file_name_1, image_file_name_2, max_dif=0):
    """
    max_dif: The maximum hash difference is allowed, the smaller and more accurate, the minimum is 0.
    recommend to use
    """
    ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True
    hash_1 = None
    hash_2 = None
    with open(image_file_name_1, 'rb') as fp:
        hash_1 = imagehash.average_hash(Image.open(fp))
    with open(image_file_name_2, 'rb') as fp:
        hash_2 = imagehash.average_hash(Image.open(fp))
    dif = hash_1 - hash_2
    if dif < 0:
        dif = -dif
    if dif <= max_dif:
        return True
    else:
        return False


def compare_image_dir_with_hash(dir_1, dir_2, max_dif=0):
    """
    max_dif: The maximum hash difference is allowed, the smaller and more accurate, the minimum is 0.

    """
    ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True
    hash_dict_1, image_quantity_1 = get_hash_dict(dir_1)
    hash_dict_2, image_quantity_2 = get_hash_dict(dir_2)

    if image_quantity_1 > image_quantity_2:
        tmp = image_quantity_1
        image_quantity_1 = image_quantity_2
        image_quantity_2 = tmp

        tmp = hash_dict_1
        hash_dict_1 = hash_dict_2
        hash_dict_2 = tmp

    result_dict = {}

    for k in hash_dict_1.keys():
        result_dict[k] = None

    for dif_i in range(0, max_dif + 1):
        have_none = False

        for k_1 in result_dict.keys():
            if result_dict.get(k_1) is None:
                have_none = True

        if not have_none:
            return result_dict

        for k_1, v_1 in hash_dict_1.items():
            for k_2, v_2 in hash_dict_2.items():
                sub = (v_1 - v_2)
                if sub < 0:
                    sub = -sub
                if sub == dif_i and result_dict.get(k_1) is None:
                    result_dict[k_1] = k_2
                    break
    return result_dict


def main():
    print(compare_image('image1\\815.jpg', 'image2\\5.jpg'))
    print(compare_image_with_hash('image1\\815.jpg', 'image2\\5.jpg', 7))
    r = compare_image_dir_with_hash('image1\\', 'image2\\', 10)
    for k in r.keys():
        print(k, r.get(k))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

输出: 假 真正的 image2 jpg image1 5. \ \ 815. jpg image2 jpg image1 6. \ \ 819. jpg image2 jpg image1 7. \ \ 900. jpg image2 jpg image1 8. \ \ 998. jpg image2 jpg image1 9. \ \ 1012. jpg 示例图片: 815. jpg 5. jpg

另一个衡量两张图片相似度的好方法是:

import sys
from skimage.measure import compare_ssim
from skimage.transform import resize
from scipy.ndimage import imread

# get two images - resize both to 1024 x 1024
img_a = resize(imread(sys.argv[1]), (2**10, 2**10))
img_b = resize(imread(sys.argv[2]), (2**10, 2**10))

# score: {-1:1} measure of the structural similarity between the images
score, diff = compare_ssim(img_a, img_b, full=True)
print(score)

如果其他人对更强大的比较图像相似性的方法感兴趣，我将使用Tensorflow测量和可视化相似图像的教程和web应用程序放在一起。