拉玛纳的回答对我来说是最好的，但我不得不补充几点：

import pip
for dist in pip.get_installed_distributions():
    if 'site-packages' in dist.location:
        try:
            pip.call_subprocess(['pip', 'install', '-U', dist.key])
        except Exception, exc:
            print exc

站点包检查排除了我的开发包，因为它们不在系统站点包目录中。try-except只是跳过已从PyPI中删除的包。

对于endolith：我也希望有一个简单的pip.install（dist.key，upgrade=True），但它看起来不像是要让命令行以外的任何东西使用pip（文档没有提到内部API，pip开发人员也没有使用docstring）。

以下Windows cmd代码段执行以下操作：

将pip升级到最新版本。升级所有过时的软件包。对于正在升级的每个包，检查requirements.txt中的任何版本说明符。

@echo off
Setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
rem https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2720014/

echo Upgrading pip...
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
echo.

echo Upgrading packages...
set upgrade_count=0
pip list --outdated > pip-upgrade-outdated.txt
for /F "skip=2 tokens=1,3 delims= " %%i in (pip-upgrade-outdated.txt) do (
    echo ^>%%i
    set package=%%i
    set latest=%%j
    set requirements=!package!

    rem for each outdated package check for any version requirements:
    set dotest=1
    for /F %%r in (.\python\requirements.txt) do (
        if !dotest!==1 (
            call :substr "%%r" !package! _substr
            rem check if a given line refers to a package we are about to upgrade:
            if "%%r" NEQ !_substr! (
                rem check if the line contains more than just a package name:
                if "%%r" NEQ "!package!" (
                    rem set requirements to the contents of the line:
                    echo requirements: %%r, latest: !latest!
                    set requirements=%%r
                )
                rem stop testing after the first instance found,
                rem prevents from mistakenly matching "py" with "pylint", "numpy" etc.
                rem requirements.txt must be structured with shorter names going first
                set dotest=0
            )
        )
    )
    rem pip install !requirements!
    pip install --upgrade !requirements!
    set /a "upgrade_count+=1"
    echo.
)

if !upgrade_count!==0 (
    echo All packages are up to date.
) else (
    type pip-upgrade-outdated.txt
)

if "%1" neq "-silent" (
    echo.
    set /p temp="> Press Enter to exit..."
)
exit /b


:substr
rem string substition done in a separate subroutine -
rem allows expand both variables in the substring syntax.
rem replaces str_search with an empty string.
rem returns the result in the 3rd parameter, passed by reference from the caller.
set str_source=%1
set str_search=%2
set str_result=!str_source:%str_search%=!
set "%~3=!str_result!"
rem echo !str_source!, !str_search!, !str_result!
exit /b

在蝙蝠脚本中

call pip freeze > requirements.txt
call powershell "(Get-Content requirements.txt) | ForEach-Object { $_ -replace '==', '>=' } | Set-Content requirements.txt"
call pip install -r requirements.txt --upgrade

在我看来，这个选项更简单易懂：

pip install -U `pip list --outdated | awk 'NR>2 {print $1}'`

解释是，pip-list——过时输出所有过时包的列表，格式如下：

Package   Version Latest Type 
--------- ------- ------ -----
fonttools 3.31.0  3.32.0 wheel
urllib3   1.24    1.24.1 wheel
requests  2.20.0  2.20.1 wheel

在awk命令中，NR>2跳过前两条记录（行），｛print$1｝选择每行的第一个单词（正如SergioAraujo所建议的，我删除了tail-n+3，因为awk确实可以处理跳过记录）。

这是我对rbp答案的变体，它绕过了“可编辑”和开发发行版。它有两个缺点：不必要地重新下载和重新安装；并且一个包上的错误将阻止之后每个包的升级。

pip freeze |sed -ne 's/==.*//p' |xargs pip install -U --

相关错误报告，从Bitbucket迁移后有点脱节：

https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/49https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/59

Use:

import pip
pkgs = [p.key for p in pip.get_installed_distributions()]
for pkg in pkgs:
    pip.main(['install', '--upgrade', pkg])

甚至：

import pip
commands = ['install', '--upgrade']
pkgs = commands.extend([p.key for p in pip.get_installed_distributions()])
pip.main(commands)

它的工作速度很快，因为它不会不断发射炮弹。