我希望使用shell脚本调用长形式和短形式的命令行选项。

我知道可以使用getopts,但是像在Perl中一样,我不能用shell做同样的事情。

关于如何做到这一点的任何想法,这样我就可以使用如下选项:

./shell.sh --copyfile abc.pl /tmp/
./shell.sh -c abc.pl /tmp/

在上面,这两个命令对我的shell意味着同样的事情,但使用getopts,我还不能实现这些?


当前回答

#!/bin/bash
while getopts "abc:d:" flag
do
  case $flag in
    a) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag";;
    b) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag";;
    c) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag $OPTARG";;
    d) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag $OPTARG";;
  esac
done

shift $((OPTIND-1))
echo "[otheropts]==> $@"

exit

.

#!/bin/bash
until [ -z "$1" ]; do
  case $1 in
    "--dlong")
      shift
      if [ "${1:1:0}" != "-" ]
      then
        echo "==> dlong $1"
        shift
      fi;;
    *) echo "==> other $1"; shift;;
  esac
done
exit

其他回答

使用带有短/长选项和参数的getopts


适用于所有组合,例如:

Foobar -f——bar Foobar——foo -b Foobar -bf -bar - Foobar foobar -fbFBAshorty——bar -FB——arguments=longhorn foobar -fA "text shorty" -B——arguments="text longhorn" bash foobar -F—barfoo sh foobar - b——foobar -… bash ./foobar -F——bar


本例中的一些声明

Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty

Usage函数看起来如何

function _usage() 
{
  ###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
  cat <<EOF
   foobar $Options
  $*
          Usage: foobar <[options]>
          Options:
                  -b   --bar            Set bar to yes    ($foo)
                  -f   --foo            Set foo to yes    ($bart)
                  -h   --help           Show this message
                  -A   --arguments=...  Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
                  -B   --barfoo         Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
                  -F   --foobar         Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}

[ $# = 0 ] && _usage "  >>>>>>>> no options given "

具有长/短标志和长参数的getop

while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
  case "$OPTION" in
    b  ) sbar=yes                       ;;
    f  ) sfoo=yes                       ;;
    h  ) _usage                         ;;   
    A  ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG"  ;;
    B  ) sbarfoo=yes                    ;;
    F  ) sfoobar=yes                    ;;
    -  ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
         eval OPTION="\$$optind"
         OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
         OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
         case $OPTION in
             --foo       ) lfoo=yes                       ;;
             --bar       ) lbar=yes                       ;;
             --foobar    ) lfoobar=yes                    ;;
             --barfoo    ) lbarfoo=yes                    ;;
             --help      ) _usage                         ;;
             --arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG"  ;; 
             * )  _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
         esac
       OPTIND=1
       shift
      ;;
    ? )  _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) "  ;;
  esac
done

输出

##################################################################
echo "----------------------------------------------------------"
echo "RESULT short-foo      : $sfoo                                    long-foo      : $lfoo"
echo "RESULT short-bar      : $sbar                                    long-bar      : $lbar"
echo "RESULT short-foobar   : $sfoobar                                 long-foobar   : $lfoobar"
echo "RESULT short-barfoo   : $sbarfoo                                 long-barfoo   : $lbarfoo"
echo "RESULT short-arguments: $sarguments  with Argument = \"$sARG\"   long-arguments: $larguments and $lARG"

将上述内容组合成一个内聚脚本

#!/bin/bash
# foobar: getopts with short and long options AND arguments

function _cleanup ()
{
  unset -f _usage _cleanup ; return 0
}

## Clear out nested functions on exit
trap _cleanup INT EXIT RETURN

###### some declarations for this example ######
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty

function _usage() 
{
  ###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
  cat <<EOF
   foobar $Options
   $*
          Usage: foobar <[options]>
          Options:
                  -b   --bar            Set bar to yes    ($foo)
                    -f   --foo            Set foo to yes    ($bart)
                      -h   --help           Show this message
                  -A   --arguments=...  Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
                  -B   --barfoo         Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
                  -F   --foobar         Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}

[ $# = 0 ] && _usage "  >>>>>>>> no options given "

##################################################################    
#######  "getopts" with: short options  AND  long options  #######
#######            AND  short/long arguments               #######
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
  case "$OPTION" in
    b  ) sbar=yes                       ;;
    f  ) sfoo=yes                       ;;
    h  ) _usage                         ;;   
    A  ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG"  ;;
    B  ) sbarfoo=yes                    ;;
    F  ) sfoobar=yes                    ;;
    -  ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
         eval OPTION="\$$optind"
         OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
         OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
         case $OPTION in
             --foo       ) lfoo=yes                       ;;
             --bar       ) lbar=yes                       ;;
             --foobar    ) lfoobar=yes                    ;;
             --barfoo    ) lbarfoo=yes                    ;;
             --help      ) _usage                         ;;
               --arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG"  ;; 
             * )  _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
         esac
       OPTIND=1
       shift
      ;;
    ? )  _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) "  ;;
  esac
done

发明了另一个版本的轮子……

这个函数(希望)是一个posix兼容的普通bourne shell替换GNU getopt。它支持短/长选项,可以接受强制/可选/无参数,并且指定选项的方式几乎与GNU getopt相同,因此转换是微不足道的。

当然,要放入脚本中,这仍然是相当大的代码块,但它大约是众所周知的getopt_long shell函数的一半行数,并且在您只想替换现有的GNU getopt使用的情况下可能更可取。

这是相当新的代码,所以是YMMV(如果因为某种原因它实际上与POSIX不兼容,请务必告诉我——可移植性是一开始的意图,但我没有一个有用的POSIX测试环境)。

代码和示例用法如下:

#!/bin/sh
# posix_getopt shell function
# Author: Phil S.
# Version: 1.0
# Created: 2016-07-05
# URL: http://stackoverflow.com/a/37087374/324105

# POSIX-compatible argument quoting and parameter save/restore
# http://www.etalabs.net/sh_tricks.html
# Usage:
# parameters=$(save "$@") # save the original parameters.
# eval "set -- ${parameters}" # restore the saved parameters.
save () {
    local param
    for param; do
        printf %s\\n "$param" \
            | sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/"
    done
    printf %s\\n " "
}

# Exit with status $1 after displaying error message $2.
exiterr () {
    printf %s\\n "$2" >&2
    exit $1
}

# POSIX-compatible command line option parsing.
# This function supports long options and optional arguments, and is
# a (largely-compatible) drop-in replacement for GNU getopt.
#
# Instead of:
# opts=$(getopt -o "$shortopts" -l "$longopts" -- "$@")
# eval set -- ${opts}
#
# We instead use:
# opts=$(posix_getopt "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@")
# eval "set -- ${opts}"
posix_getopt () { # args: "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@"
    local shortopts longopts \
          arg argtype getopt nonopt opt optchar optword suffix

    shortopts="$1"
    longopts="$2"
    shift 2

    getopt=
    nonopt=
    while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
        opt=
        arg=
        argtype=
        case "$1" in
            # '--' means don't parse the remaining options
            ( -- ) {
                getopt="${getopt}$(save "$@")"
                shift $#
                break
            };;
            # process short option
            ( -[!-]* ) {         # -x[foo]
                suffix=${1#-?}   # foo
                opt=${1%$suffix} # -x
                optchar=${opt#-} # x
                case "${shortopts}" in
                    ( *${optchar}::* ) { # optional argument
                        argtype=optional
                        arg="${suffix}"
                        shift
                    };;
                    ( *${optchar}:* ) { # required argument
                        argtype=required
                        if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
                            arg="${suffix}"
                            shift
                        else
                            case "$2" in
                                ( -* ) exiterr 1 "$1 requires an argument";;
                                ( ?* ) arg="$2"; shift 2;;
                                (  * ) exiterr 1 "$1 requires an argument";;
                            esac
                        fi
                    };;
                    ( *${optchar}* ) { # no argument
                        argtype=none
                        arg=
                        shift
                        # Handle multiple no-argument parameters combined as
                        # -xyz instead of -x -y -z. If we have just shifted
                        # parameter -xyz, we now replace it with -yz (which
                        # will be processed in the next iteration).
                        if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
                            eval "set -- $(save "-${suffix}")$(save "$@")"
                        fi
                    };;
                    ( * ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
                esac
            };;
            # process long option
            ( --?* ) {            # --xarg[=foo]
                suffix=${1#*=}    # foo (unless there was no =)
                if [ "${suffix}" = "$1" ]; then
                    suffix=
                fi
                opt=${1%=$suffix} # --xarg
                optword=${opt#--} # xarg
                case ",${longopts}," in
                    ( *,${optword}::,* ) { # optional argument
                        argtype=optional
                        arg="${suffix}"
                        shift
                    };;
                    ( *,${optword}:,* ) { # required argument
                        argtype=required
                        if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
                            arg="${suffix}"
                            shift
                        else
                            case "$2" in
                                ( -* ) exiterr 1 \
                                       "--${optword} requires an argument";;
                                ( ?* ) arg="$2"; shift 2;;
                                (  * ) exiterr 1 \
                                       "--${optword} requires an argument";;
                            esac
                        fi
                    };;
                    ( *,${optword},* ) { # no argument
                        if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
                            exiterr 1 "--${optword} does not take an argument"
                        fi
                        argtype=none
                        arg=
                        shift
                    };;
                    ( * ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
                esac
            };;
            # any other parameters starting with -
            ( -* ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
            # remember non-option parameters
            ( * ) nonopt="${nonopt}$(save "$1")"; shift;;
        esac

        if [ -n "${opt}" ]; then
            getopt="${getopt}$(save "$opt")"
            case "${argtype}" in
                ( optional|required ) {
                    getopt="${getopt}$(save "$arg")"
                };;
            esac
        fi
    done

    # Generate function output, suitable for:
    # eval "set -- $(posix_getopt ...)"
    printf %s "${getopt}"
    if [ -n "${nonopt}" ]; then
        printf %s "$(save "--")${nonopt}"
    fi
}

使用示例:

# Process command line options
shortopts="hvd:c::s::L:D"
longopts="help,version,directory:,client::,server::,load:,delete"
#opts=$(getopt -o "$shortopts" -l "$longopts" -n "$(basename $0)" -- "$@")
opts=$(posix_getopt "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@")
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    #eval set -- ${opts}
    eval "set -- ${opts}"
    while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
        case "$1" in
            ( --                ) shift; break;;
            ( -h|--help         ) help=1; shift; break;;
            ( -v|--version      ) version_help=1; shift; break;;
            ( -d|--directory    ) dir=$2; shift 2;;
            ( -c|--client       ) useclient=1; client=$2; shift 2;;
            ( -s|--server       ) startserver=1; server_name=$2; shift 2;;
            ( -L|--load         ) load=$2; shift 2;;
            ( -D|--delete       ) delete=1; shift;;
        esac
    done
else
    shorthelp=1 # getopt returned (and reported) an error.
fi

下面是一个实际使用长选项的getopt的示例:

aflag=no
bflag=no
cargument=none

# options may be followed by one colon to indicate they have a required argument
if ! options=$(getopt -o abc: -l along,blong,clong: -- "$@")
then
    # something went wrong, getopt will put out an error message for us
    exit 1
fi

set -- $options

while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
    case $1 in
    -a|--along) aflag="yes" ;;
    -b|--blong) bflag="yes" ;;
    # for options with required arguments, an additional shift is required
    -c|--clong) cargument="$2" ; shift;;
    (--) shift; break;;
    (-*) echo "$0: error - unrecognized option $1" 1>&2; exit 1;;
    (*) break;;
    esac
    shift
done

看一下shFlags,它是一个可移植的shell库(意思是:sh, bash, dash, ksh, zsh在Linux, Solaris等上)。

它使得添加新标志就像在脚本中添加一行一样简单,并且它提供了一个自动生成的用法函数。

这是一个简单的Hello, world!使用shFlag:

#!/bin/sh

# source shflags from current directory
. ./shflags

# define a 'name' command-line string flag
DEFINE_string 'name' 'world' 'name to say hello to' 'n'

# parse the command-line
FLAGS "$@" || exit 1
eval set -- "${FLAGS_ARGV}"

# say hello
echo "Hello, ${FLAGS_name}!"

对于具有支持长选项的增强getopt的操作系统(例如Linux),您可以这样做:

$ ./hello_world.sh --name Kate
Hello, Kate!

对于其他情况,您必须使用短选项:

$ ./hello_world.sh -n Kate
Hello, Kate!

添加一个新标志就像添加一个新的DEFINE_调用一样简单。

Getopts“可以用来”解析长选项,只要你不希望它们有参数……

以下是如何:

$ cat > longopt
while getopts 'e:-:' OPT; do
  case $OPT in
    e) echo echo: $OPTARG;;
    -) #long option
       case $OPTARG in
         long-option) echo long option;;
         *) echo long option: $OPTARG;;
       esac;;
  esac
done

$ bash longopt -e asd --long-option --long1 --long2 -e test
echo: asd
long option
long option: long1
long option: long2
echo: test

如果尝试使用OPTIND获取长选项的参数,getopts将把它作为第一个不可选的位置参数,并停止解析任何其他参数。 在这种情况下,您最好使用简单的case语句手动处理它。

这将“总是”工作:

$ cat >longopt2
while (($#)); do
    OPT=$1
    shift
    case $OPT in
        --*) case ${OPT:2} in
            long1) echo long1 option;;
            complex) echo comples with argument $1; shift;;
        esac;;

        -*) case ${OPT:1} in
            a) echo short option a;;
            b) echo short option b with parameter $1; shift;;
        esac;;
    esac
done


$ bash longopt2 --complex abc -a --long -b test
comples with argument abc
short option a
short option b with parameter test

尽管它不像getopts那么灵活,而且你必须在用例实例中自己做很多错误检查代码……

但这是一种选择。