下面的代码在Ruby中是什么意思?

||=

它的语法有什么意义或原因吗?


当前回答

这个问题在Ruby邮件列表和Ruby博客上讨论得如此频繁,以至于现在Ruby邮件列表上甚至有一些线程,它们的唯一目的就是收集到Ruby邮件列表上讨论这个问题的所有其他线程的链接。

这里有一个:||= (OR Equal)线程和页面的最终列表

如果你真的想知道发生了什么,可以看看Ruby语言规范草案的第11.4.2.3节“缩写赋值”。

作为第一近似,

a ||= b

等于

a || a = b

并不等同于

a = a || b

然而,这只是一种近似,特别是在a未定义的情况下。根据是简单的变量赋值、方法赋值还是索引赋值,语义也有所不同:

a    ||= b
a.c  ||= b
a[c] ||= b

都有不同的待遇。

其他回答

准确地说,||= b意味着“如果a是未定义的或假的(false或nil),将a设置为b并求值为(即返回)b,否则求值为a”。

其他人经常试图用||= b等价于|| a = b或a = a || b来说明这一点。这些等价有助于理解这个概念,但要注意,它们并非在所有条件下都是准确的。请允许我解释:

a ||= b ⇔ a || a = b? The behavior of these statements differs when a is an undefined local variable. In that case, a ||= b will set a to b (and evaluate to b), whereas a || a = b will raise NameError: undefined local variable or method 'a' for main:Object. a ||= b ⇔ a = a || b? The equivalency of these statements are often assumed, since a similar equivalence is true for other abbreviated assignment operators (i.e. +=,-=,*=,/=,%=,**=,&=,|=,^=,<<=, and >>=). However, for ||= the behavior of these statements may differ when a= is a method on an object and a is truthy. In that case, a ||= b will do nothing (other than evaluate to a), whereas a = a || b will call a=(a) on a's receiver. As others have pointed out, this can make a difference when calling a=a has side effects, such as adding keys to a hash. a ||= b ⇔ a = b unless a?? The behavior of these statements differs only in what they evaluate to when a is truthy. In that case, a = b unless a will evaluate to nil (though a will still not be set, as expected), whereas a ||= b will evaluate to a. a ||= b ⇔ defined?(a) ? (a || a = b) : (a = b)???? Still no. These statements can differ when a method_missing method exists which returns a truthy value for a. In this case, a ||= b will evaluate to whatever method_missing returns, and not attempt to set a, whereas defined?(a) ? (a || a = b) : (a = b) will set a to b and evaluate to b.

好的,好的,那么||= b等于什么?有办法在Ruby中表达这一点吗?

好吧,假设我没有忽略任何东西,我相信||= b在功能上等价于……(击鼓声)

begin
  a = nil if false
  a || a = b
end

坚持住!这不是第一个前面有noop的例子吗?嗯,不完全是。还记得我之前说的||= b只有当a是一个未定义的局部变量时,||= b才不等于|| a = b吗?如果为false,则a = nil确保a永远没有定义,即使这一行永远不会执行。Ruby中的局部变量是词法范围的。

一个常见的误解是,||= b并不等同于a = a || b,但它的行为就像|| a = b。

但这里有一个棘手的情况。如果a未定义,则|| a = 42将引发NameError,而||= 42将返回42。所以,它们似乎不是等价的表达式。

假设a = 2, b = 3

那么,||= b将得到a的值,即2。

当a计算为某个值时,结果不是false或nil..这就是为什么它不计算b的值。

现在假设a = nil, b = 3。

那么||= b将得到3,即b的值。

因为它首先尝试评估a的值,结果是nil..它求出b的值。

ror app中使用的最佳示例是:

#To get currently logged in iser
def current_user
  @current_user ||= User.find_by_id(session[:user_id])
end

# Make current_user available in templates as a helper
helper_method :current_user

其中,User.find_by_id(session[:user_id])当且仅当@current_user之前未初始化时触发。

x ||= y

is

x || x = y

"如果x为假或未定义,则x指向y"

irb(main):001:0> a = 1
=> 1
irb(main):002:0> a ||= 2
=> 1

因为a已经被设为1了

irb(main):003:0> a = nil
=> nil
irb(main):004:0> a ||= 2
=> 2

因为a是nil