The lack of abstraction is what makes C faster. If you write an output statement you know exactly what is happening. If you write an output statement in java it is getting compiled to a class file which then gets run on a virtual machine introducing a layor of abstraction. The lack of object oriented features as a part of the language also increases it's speed do to less code being generated. If you use C as an object oriented language then you are doing all the coding for things such as classes, inharitence, etc. This means rather then make something generalized enough for everyone with the amount of code and the performance penelty that requires you only write what you need to get the job done.

For the most part, every C instruction corresponds to a very few assembler instructions. You are essentially writing higher level machine code, so you have control over almost everything the processor does. Many other compiled languages, such as C++, have a lot of simple looking instructions that can turn into much more code than you think it does (virtual functions, copy constructors, etc..) And interpreted languages like Java or Ruby have another layer of instructions that you never see - the Virtual Machine or Interpreter.

C语言速度很快，因为它是原生编译的低级语言。但是C不是最快的。递归斐波那契基准测试表明Rust、Crystal和Nim可以更快。

The lack of abstraction is what makes C faster. If you write an output statement you know exactly what is happening. If you write an output statement in java it is getting compiled to a class file which then gets run on a virtual machine introducing a layor of abstraction. The lack of object oriented features as a part of the language also increases it's speed do to less code being generated. If you use C as an object oriented language then you are doing all the coding for things such as classes, inharitence, etc. This means rather then make something generalized enough for everyone with the amount of code and the performance penelty that requires you only write what you need to get the job done.

我在链接上找到了一个关于为什么有些语言更快，有些更慢的答案，我希望这将更清楚为什么C或c++比其他语言更快，还有一些其他语言也比C更快，但我们不能使用所有的语言。一些解释-

Fortran仍然重要的一个重要原因是它的速度快:用Fortran编写的数字处理例程往往比用大多数其他语言编写的等效例程要快。在这个领域与Fortran竞争的语言是C和c++，因为它们在性能上具有竞争力。

这就提出了一个问题:为什么?是什么让c++和Fortran速度如此之快?为什么它们比其他流行语言(如Java或Python)性能更好?

解释与编译 根据编程语言所鼓励的编程风格和所提供的特性，有许多方法可以对编程语言进行分类和定义。在性能方面，最大的区别是解释语言和编译语言之间的区别。

划分并不难;而是有一个光谱。在一端，我们有传统的编译语言，包括Fortran、C和c++。在这些语言中，有一个独立的编译阶段，将程序的源代码转换为处理器可以使用的可执行形式。

这个编译过程有几个步骤。对源代码进行分析和解析。基本的编码错误，如错字和拼写错误，此时可以检测到。解析后的代码用于生成内存中的表示，该表示也可用于检测错误——这一次是语义错误，例如调用不存在的函数，或者试图对文本字符串执行算术操作。

然后，这个内存中表示形式用于驱动代码生成器，即生成可执行代码的部分。代码优化，以提高所生成代码的性能，在此过程中的不同时间执行:可以在代码表示上执行高级优化，而在代码生成器的输出上使用低级优化。

实际执行代码发生在后面。整个编译过程只是用来创建可以执行的内容。

在另一端，我们有口译员。解释器将包括一个类似于编译器的解析阶段，但这随后用于驱动直接执行，程序立即运行。

最简单的解释器包含与该语言支持的各种特性相对应的可执行代码，因此它将具有用于添加数字、连接字符串以及给定语言所具有的任何其他功能的函数。当它解析代码时，它将查找相应的函数并执行它。在程序中创建的变量将保存在某种将其名称映射到其数据的查找表中。

解释器风格的最极端的例子是类似批处理文件或shell脚本的东西。在这些语言中，可执行代码通常甚至不内置在解释器本身中，而是单独的独立程序。

So why does this make a difference to performance? In general, each layer of indirection reduces performance. For example, the fastest way to add two numbers is to have both of those numbers in registers in the processor, and to use the processor's add instruction. That's what compiled programs can do; they can put variables into registers and take advantage of processor instructions. But in interpreted programs, that same addition might require two lookups in a table of variables to fetch the values to add, then calling a function to perform the addition. That function may very well use the same processor instruction as the compiled program uses to perform the actual addition, but all the extra work before the instruction can actually be used makes things slower.

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The fastest running code would be carefully hand crafted machine code. Assembler will be almost as good. Both are very low level and it takes a lot of writing code to do things. C is a little above assembler. You still have the ability to control things at a very low level in the actual machine, but there is enough abstraction make writing it faster and easier then assembler. Other languages such as C# and JAVA are even more abstract. While Assembler and machine code are called low level languages, C# and JAVA (and many others) are called high level languages. C is sometimes called a middle level language.