在PHP中,字符串按如下方式连接在一起:

$foo = "Hello";
$foo .= " World";

在这里,$foo变成了“Hello World”。

这是如何在Bash中实现的?


当前回答

有人对性能表示担忧,但没有提供数据。让我建议一个简单的测试。

(注意:macOS上的日期不提供纳秒,因此必须在Linux上完成。)

我在GitHub上创建了append_test.sh,内容如下:

#!/bin/bash -e

output(){
    ptime=$ctime;
    ctime=$(date +%s.%N);
    delta=$(bc <<<"$ctime - $ptime");
    printf "%2s. %16s chars  time: %s  delta: %s\n" $n "$(bc <<<"10*(2^$n)")" $ctime $delta;
}

method1(){
    echo 'Method: a="$a$a"'
    for n in {1..32}; do a="$a$a"; output; done
}

method2(){
    echo 'Method: a+="$a"'
    for n in {1..32}; do a+="$a";  output; done
}

ctime=0; a="0123456789"; time method$1

测试1:

$ ./append_test.sh 1
Method: a="$a$a"
 1.               20 chars  time: 1513640431.861671143  delta: 1513640431.861671143
 2.               40 chars  time: 1513640431.865036344  delta: .003365201
 3.               80 chars  time: 1513640431.868200952  delta: .003164608
 4.              160 chars  time: 1513640431.871273553  delta: .003072601
 5.              320 chars  time: 1513640431.874358253  delta: .003084700
 6.              640 chars  time: 1513640431.877454625  delta: .003096372
 7.             1280 chars  time: 1513640431.880551786  delta: .003097161
 8.             2560 chars  time: 1513640431.883652169  delta: .003100383
 9.             5120 chars  time: 1513640431.886777451  delta: .003125282
10.            10240 chars  time: 1513640431.890066444  delta: .003288993
11.            20480 chars  time: 1513640431.893488326  delta: .003421882
12.            40960 chars  time: 1513640431.897273327  delta: .003785001
13.            81920 chars  time: 1513640431.901740563  delta: .004467236
14.           163840 chars  time: 1513640431.907592388  delta: .005851825
15.           327680 chars  time: 1513640431.916233664  delta: .008641276
16.           655360 chars  time: 1513640431.930577599  delta: .014343935
17.          1310720 chars  time: 1513640431.954343112  delta: .023765513
18.          2621440 chars  time: 1513640431.999438581  delta: .045095469
19.          5242880 chars  time: 1513640432.086792464  delta: .087353883
20.         10485760 chars  time: 1513640432.278492932  delta: .191700468
21.         20971520 chars  time: 1513640432.672274631  delta: .393781699
22.         41943040 chars  time: 1513640433.456406517  delta: .784131886
23.         83886080 chars  time: 1513640435.012385162  delta: 1.555978645
24.        167772160 chars  time: 1513640438.103865613  delta: 3.091480451
25.        335544320 chars  time: 1513640444.267009677  delta: 6.163144064
./append_test.sh: fork: Cannot allocate memory

测试2:

$ ./append_test.sh 2
Method: a+="$a"
 1.               20 chars  time: 1513640473.460480052  delta: 1513640473.460480052
 2.               40 chars  time: 1513640473.463738638  delta: .003258586
 3.               80 chars  time: 1513640473.466868613  delta: .003129975
 4.              160 chars  time: 1513640473.469948300  delta: .003079687
 5.              320 chars  time: 1513640473.473001255  delta: .003052955
 6.              640 chars  time: 1513640473.476086165  delta: .003084910
 7.             1280 chars  time: 1513640473.479196664  delta: .003110499
 8.             2560 chars  time: 1513640473.482355769  delta: .003159105
 9.             5120 chars  time: 1513640473.485495401  delta: .003139632
10.            10240 chars  time: 1513640473.488655040  delta: .003159639
11.            20480 chars  time: 1513640473.491946159  delta: .003291119
12.            40960 chars  time: 1513640473.495354094  delta: .003407935
13.            81920 chars  time: 1513640473.499138230  delta: .003784136
14.           163840 chars  time: 1513640473.503646917  delta: .004508687
15.           327680 chars  time: 1513640473.509647651  delta: .006000734
16.           655360 chars  time: 1513640473.518517787  delta: .008870136
17.          1310720 chars  time: 1513640473.533228130  delta: .014710343
18.          2621440 chars  time: 1513640473.560111613  delta: .026883483
19.          5242880 chars  time: 1513640473.606959569  delta: .046847956
20.         10485760 chars  time: 1513640473.699051712  delta: .092092143
21.         20971520 chars  time: 1513640473.898097661  delta: .199045949
22.         41943040 chars  time: 1513640474.299620758  delta: .401523097
23.         83886080 chars  time: 1513640475.092311556  delta: .792690798
24.        167772160 chars  time: 1513640476.660698221  delta: 1.568386665
25.        335544320 chars  time: 1513640479.776806227  delta: 3.116108006
./append_test.sh: fork: Cannot allocate memory

这些错误表明,我的Bash在崩溃之前达到了335.54432MB。您可以将代码从双倍数据更改为附加一个常量,以获得更精细的图形和故障点。但我认为这应该给你足够的信息来决定你是否在乎。就个人而言,低于100 MB我不会。您的里程数可能有所不同。

其他回答

我有点喜欢做一个快速的功能。

#! /bin/sh -f
function combo() {
    echo $@
}

echo $(combo 'foo''bar')

还有一种剥猫皮的方法。这一次有功能:D

在我看来,连接两个字符串的最简单方法是编写一个函数,然后使用该函数。

function concat ()
{
    prefix=$1
    suffix=$2

    echo "${prefix}${suffix}"
}

foo="Super"
bar="man"

concat $foo $bar   # Superman

alien=$(concat $foo $bar)

echo $alien        # Superman

如果这是将“World”添加到原始字符串的示例,则可以是:

#!/bin/bash

foo="Hello"
foo=$foo" World"
echo $foo

输出:

Hello World

我更喜欢使用花括号${}来扩展字符串中的变量:

foo="Hello"
foo="${foo} World"
echo $foo
> Hello World

卷曲括号将适合连续字符串用法:

foo="Hello"
foo="${foo}World"
echo $foo
> HelloWorld

否则,使用foo=“$fooWorld”将不起作用。

这里是对大多数答案的简要总结。

假设我们有两个变量,$1设置为“1”:

set one two
a=hello
b=world

下表说明了我们可以组合a和b的值来创建新变量c的不同上下文。

Context                               | Expression            | Result (value of c)
--------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------
Two variables                         | c=$a$b                | helloworld
A variable and a literal              | c=${a}_world          | hello_world
A variable and a literal              | c=$1world             | oneworld
A variable and a literal              | c=$a/world            | hello/world
A variable, a literal, with a space   | c=${a}" world"        | hello world
A more complex expression             | c="${a}_one|${b}_2"   | hello_one|world_2
Using += operator (Bash 3.1 or later) | c=$a; c+=$b           | helloworld
Append literal with +=                | c=$a; c+=" world"     | hello world

几点注意事项

将赋值的RHS括在双引号中通常是一种很好的做法,尽管在许多情况下它是可选的+如果以小增量构造大字符串,特别是在循环中,则从性能角度来看,=更好在变量名周围使用{}来消除扩展的歧义(如上表第2行所示)。如第3行和第4行所示,不需要{},除非变量与一个字符串连接,该字符串以shell变量名中有效的第一个字符(即字母或下划线)开头。


另请参见:

BashFAQ/013-如何连接两个变量?我们什么时候需要在外壳变量周围使用大括号?