使用焦油和管道。

cd /source_directory
tar cf - --exclude=dir_to_exclude . | (cd /destination && tar xvf - )

您甚至可以跨ssh使用此技术。

使用 rsync：

rsync -av --exclude='path1/to/exclude' --exclude='path2/to/exclude' source destination

注意，使用source和source/是不同的。后面的斜杠表示将文件夹源的内容复制到目标。如果没有后面的斜杠，它意味着将文件夹源复制到目标。

或者，如果要排除很多目录(或文件)，可以使用——exclude-from=FILE，其中FILE是包含要排除的文件或目录的文件名。

——exclude也可以包含通配符，例如——exclude=*/.svn*

你可以使用tar，带——exclude选项，然后在destination中解tar。如

cd /source_directory
tar cvf test.tar --exclude=dir_to_exclude *
mv test.tar /destination 
cd /destination  
tar xvf test.tar

有关更多信息，请参阅tar的手册页

受到@SteveLazaridis的答案的启发，这是一个POSIX shell函数-只需复制并粘贴到yout $PATH中名为cpx的文件中，并使其可执行(chmod a+x cpr)。[源代码现在维护在我的GitLab中。

#!/bin/sh

# usage: cpx [-n|--dry-run] "from_path" "to_path" "newline_separated_exclude_list"
# limitations: only excludes from "from_path", not it's subdirectories

cpx() {
# run in subshell to avoid collisions
  (_CopyWithExclude "$@")
}

_CopyWithExclude() {
  case "$1" in
    -n|--dry-run) { DryRun='echo'; shift; } ;;
  esac

  from="$1"
  to="$2"
  exclude="$3"

  $DryRun mkdir -p "$to"

  if [ -z "$exclude" ]; then
      cp "$from" "$to"
      return
  fi

  ls -A1 "$from" \
    | while IFS= read -r f; do
        unset excluded
        if [ -n "$exclude" ]; then
          for x in $(printf "$exclude"); do
          if [ "$f" = "$x" ]; then
              excluded=1
              break
          fi
          done
        fi
        f="${f#$from/}"
        if [ -z "$excluded" ]; then
          $DryRun cp -R "$f" "$to"
        else
          [ -n "$DryRun" ] && echo "skip '$f'"
        fi
      done
}

# Do not execute if being sourced
[ "${0#*cpx}" != "$0" ] && cpx "$@"

示例使用

EXCLUDE="
.git
my_secret_stuff
"
cpr "$HOME/my_stuff" "/media/usb" "$EXCLUDE"

你可以在-prune选项中使用find。

一个来自man find的例子:

       cd /source-dir
       find . -name .snapshot -prune -o \( \! -name *~ -print0 \)|
       cpio -pmd0 /dest-dir

       This command copies the contents of /source-dir to /dest-dir, but omits
       files  and directories named .snapshot (and anything in them).  It also
       omits files or directories whose name ends in ~,  but  not  their  con‐
       tents.  The construct -prune -o \( ... -print0 \) is quite common.  The
       idea here is that the expression before -prune matches things which are
       to  be  pruned.  However, the -prune action itself returns true, so the
       following -o ensures that the right hand side  is  evaluated  only  for
       those  directories  which didn't get pruned (the contents of the pruned
       directories are not even visited, so their  contents  are  irrelevant).
       The  expression on the right hand side of the -o is in parentheses only
       for clarity.  It emphasises that the -print0 action  takes  place  only
       for  things  that  didn't  have  -prune  applied  to them.  Because the
       default `and' condition between tests binds more tightly than -o,  this
       is  the  default anyway, but the parentheses help to show what is going
       on.

类似于Jeff的想法(未经测试):

find . -name * -print0 | grep -v "exclude" | xargs -0 -I {} cp -a {} destination/