我试图写一个bash脚本测试,需要一个参数,并通过curl发送到网站。我需要url编码的值,以确保特殊字符被正确处理。最好的方法是什么?

这是我到目前为止的基本脚本:

#!/bin/bash
host=${1:?'bad host'}
value=$2
shift
shift
curl -v -d "param=${value}" http://${host}/somepath $@

当前回答

其中一种变体可能很丑,但很简单:

urlencode() {
    local data
    if [[ $# != 1 ]]; then
        echo "Usage: $0 string-to-urlencode"
        return 1
    fi
    data="$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w %{url_effective} --get --data-urlencode "$1" "")"
    if [[ $? != 3 ]]; then
        echo "Unexpected error" 1>&2
        return 2
    fi
    echo "${data##/?}"
    return 0
}

下面是一个单行版本的例子(由Bruno建议):

date | curl -Gso /dev/null -w %{url_effective} --data-urlencode @- "" | cut -c 3-

# If you experience the trailing %0A, use
date | curl -Gso /dev/null -w %{url_effective} --data-urlencode @- "" | sed -E 's/..(.*).../\1/'

其他回答

你可以在perl中模拟javascript的encodeURIComponent。下面是命令:

perl -pe 's/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.!~*()'\''-])/sprintf("%%%02X", ord($1))/ge'

你可以在.bash_profile中设置它为bash别名:

alias encodeURIComponent='perl -pe '\''s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.!~*()'\''\'\'''\''-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/ge'\'

现在你可以管道到encodeURIComponent:

$ echo -n 'hèllo wôrld!' | encodeURIComponent
h%C3%A8llo%20w%C3%B4rld!

另一个选择是使用jq:

$ printf %s 'input text'|jq -sRr @uri
input%20text
$ jq -rn --arg x 'input text' '$x|@uri'
input%20text

-r(——raw-output)输出字符串的原始内容,而不是JSON字符串字面量。-n(——null-input)不从STDIN读取输入。

-R(——raw-input)将输入行视为字符串,而不是将其解析为JSON,而-sR(——slurp——raw-input)将输入读入单个字符串。如果你的输入只包含一行,或者你不想用%0A替换换行符,你可以用-Rr替换-sRr:

$ printf %s\\n multiple\ lines of\ text|jq -Rr @uri
multiple%20lines
of%20text
$ printf %s\\n multiple\ lines of\ text|jq -sRr @uri
multiple%20lines%0Aof%20text%0A

或者这个百分比编码所有字节:

xxd -p|tr -d \\n|sed 's/../%&/g'

我发现在python中可读性更好:

encoded_value=$(python3 -c "import urllib.parse; print urllib.parse.quote('''$value''')")

三重'确保单引号的值不会有伤害。Urllib在标准库中。它的工作,例如这个疯狂的(现实世界)url:

"http://www.rai.it/dl/audio/" "1264165523944Ho servito il re d'Inghilterra - Puntata 7

Note

这些函数不是用来编码URL的数据,而是用来编码URL。 将url以每行一个的方式放入文件中。

#!/bin/dash

replaceUnicodes () { # $1=input/output file
    if ! mv -f "$1" "$1".tmp 2>/dev/null; then return 1; fi
    output="$1" awk '
    function hexValue(chr) {
        if(chr=="0") return 0; if(chr=="1") return 1; if(chr=="2") return 2; if(chr=="3") return 3; if(chr=="4") return 4; if(chr=="5") return 5;
        if(chr=="6") return 6; if(chr=="7") return 7; if(chr=="8") return 8; if(chr=="9") return 9; if(chr=="A") return 10;
        if(chr=="B") return 11; if(chr=="C") return 12; if(chr=="D") return 13; if(chr=="E") return 14; return 15 }
    function hexToDecimal(str,  value,i,inc) {
        str=toupper(str); value=and(hexValue(substr(str,length(str),1)),15); inc=1;
        for(i=length(str)-1;i>0;i--) {
            value+=lshift(hexValue(substr(str,i,1)),4*inc++)
        } return value }
    function toDecimal(str, value,i) {
        for(i=1;i<=length(str);i++) {
            value=(value*10)+substr(str,i,1)
        } return value }
    function to32BE(high,low) {
        # return 0x10000+((high-0xD800)*0x400)+(low-0xDC00) }
        return lshift((high-0xD800),10)+(low-0xDC00)+0x10000 }
    function toUTF8(value) {
        if(value<0x80) { 
            return sprintf("%%%02X",value)
        } else if(value>0xFFFF) {
            return sprintf("%%%02X%%%02X%%%02X%%%02X",or(0xF0,and(rshift(value,18),0x07)),or(0x80,and(rshift(value,12),0x3F)),or(0x80,and(rshift(value,6),0x3F)),or(0x80,and(rshift(value,0),0x3F)))
        } else if(value>0x07FF) {
            return sprintf("%%%02X%%%02X%%%02X",or(0xE0,and(rshift(value,12),0x0F)),or(0x80,and(rshift(value,6),0x3F)),or(0x80,and(rshift(value,0),0x3F)))
        } else { return sprintf("%%%02X%%%02X",or(0xC0,and(rshift(value,6),0x1F)),or(0x80,and(rshift(value,0),0x3F))) }
    }
    function trap(str) { sub(/^\\+/,"\\",str); return str }
    function esc(str) { gsub(/\\/,"\\\\",str); return str }
    BEGIN { output=ENVIRON["output"] }
    {
        finalStr=""; while(match($0,/[\\]+u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}/)) {
            p=substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH); num=hexToDecimal(substr(p,RLENGTH-3,4));
            bfrStr=substr($0,1,RSTART-1); $0=substr($0,RSTART+RLENGTH,length($0)-(RSTART+RLENGTH-1));
            if(surrogate) {
                surrogate=0;
                if(RSTART!=1 || num<0xD800 || (num>0xDBFF && num<0xDC00) || num>0xDFFF) {
                    finalStr=sprintf("%s%s%s%s",finalStr,trap(highP),bfrStr,toUTF8(num))
                } else if(num>0xD7FF && num<0xDC00) {
                    surrogate=1; high=num; finalStr=sprintf("%s%s",finalStr,trap(highP))
                } else { finalStr=sprintf("%s%s",finalStr,toUTF8(to32BE(high,num))) }
            } else if(num>0xD7FF && num<0xDC00) {
                surrogate=1; highP=p; high=num; finalStr=sprintf("%s%s",finalStr,bfrStr)
            } else { finalStr=sprintf("%s%s%s",finalStr,bfrStr,toUTF8(num)) }
        } finalStr=sprintf("%s%s",finalStr,$0); $0=finalStr

        while(match($0,/[\\]+U[0-9a-fA-F]{8}/)) {
            str=substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH); gsub(esc(str),toUTF8(hexToDecimal(substr(str,RLENGTH-7,8))),$0)
        }
        while(match($0,/[\\]*&#[xX][0-9a-fA-F]{1,8};/)) {
            str=substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH); idx=index(str,"#");
            gsub(esc(str),toUTF8(hexToDecimal(substr(str,idx+2,RLENGTH-idx-2))),$0)
        }
        while(match($0,/[\\]*&#[0-9]{1,10};/)) {
            str=substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH); idx=index(str,"#");
            gsub(esc(str),toUTF8(toDecimal(substr(str,idx+1,RLENGTH-idx-1))),$0)
        }
        printf("%s\n",$0) > output
    }' "$1".tmp
    rm -f "$1".tmp
}

replaceHtmlEntities () { # $1=input/output file
    if ! mv -f "$1" "$1".tmp 2>/dev/null; then return 1; fi
    sed 's/%3[aA]/:/g; s/%2[fF]/\//g; s/&quot;/%22/g; s/&lt;/%3C/g; s/&gt;/%3E/g; s/&nbsp;/%A0/g; s/&cent;/%A2/g; s/&pound;/%A3/g; s/&yen;/%A5/g; s/&copy;/%A9/g; s/&reg;/%AE/g; s/&amp;/\&/g; s/\\*\//\//g' "$1".tmp > "$1"
    rm -f "$1".tmp
}


# "od -v -A n -t u1 -w99999999"
# "hexdump -v -e \47/1 \42%d \42\47"
# Reminder :: Do not encode (, ), [, and ].
toUTF8Encoded () { # $1=input/output file
    if ! mv -f "$1" "$1".tmp 2>/dev/null; then return 1; fi
    if [ -s "$1".tmp ]; then
        # od -A n -t u1 -w99999999 "$1".tmp | \
        hexdump -v -e '/1 "%d "' "$1".tmp | \
        output="$1" awk 'function hexDigit(chr) { if((chr>47 && chr<58) || (chr>64 && chr<71) || (chr>96 && chr<103)) return 1; return 0 }
        BEGIN { output=ENVIRON["output"] }
        {   for(i=1;i<=NF;i++) {
                flushed=0; c=$(i);
                if(c==13) { if($(i+1)==10) i++; printf("%s\n",url) > output; url=""; flushed=1
                } else if(c==10) { printf("%s\n",url) > output; url=""; flushed=1
                } else if(c==37) {
                    if(hexDigit($(i+1)) && hexDigit($(i+2))) {
                        url=sprintf("%s%%%c%c",url,$(i+1),$(i+2)); i+=2
                    } else { url=sprintf("%s%%25",url) }
                } else if(c>32 && c<127 && c!=34 && c!=39 && c!=96 && c!=60 && c!=62) {
                    url=sprintf("%s%c",url,c)
                } else { url=sprintf("%s%%%02X",url,c) }
            } if(!flushed) printf("%s\n",url) > output
        }'
    fi
    rm -f "$1".tmp
}

调用replacecodes () -> replacemlentities () --> toUTF8Encoded()

如果不想依赖Perl,也可以使用sed。这有点混乱,因为每个角色都必须单独转义。用以下内容创建一个文件,并将其命名为urlencode.sed

s/%/%25/g
s/ /%20/g
s/ /%09/g
s/!/%21/g
s/"/%22/g
s/#/%23/g
s/\$/%24/g
s/\&/%26/g
s/'\''/%27/g
s/(/%28/g
s/)/%29/g
s/\*/%2a/g
s/+/%2b/g
s/,/%2c/g
s/-/%2d/g
s/\./%2e/g
s/\//%2f/g
s/:/%3a/g
s/;/%3b/g
s//%3e/g
s/?/%3f/g
s/@/%40/g
s/\[/%5b/g
s/\\/%5c/g
s/\]/%5d/g
s/\^/%5e/g
s/_/%5f/g
s/`/%60/g
s/{/%7b/g
s/|/%7c/g
s/}/%7d/g
s/~/%7e/g
s/      /%09/g

要使用它,请执行以下操作。

STR1=$(echo "https://www.example.com/change&$ ^this to?%checkthe@-functionality" | cut -d\? -f1)
STR2=$(echo "https://www.example.com/change&$ ^this to?%checkthe@-functionality" | cut -d\? -f2)
OUT2=$(echo "$STR2" | sed -f urlencode.sed)
echo "$STR1?$OUT2"

这将把字符串分成需要编码的部分,而没问题的部分,编码需要它的部分,然后缝合在一起。

为了方便起见,你可以把它放在sh脚本中,也许让它带一个参数来编码,把它放在你的路径上,然后你可以调用:

urlencode https://www.exxample.com?isThisFun=HellNo