正如许多回答指出的那样:你构建Dockerfile来获取一个图像，然后运行image来获取一个容器。

但是，下面的步骤帮助我更好地了解Docker映像和容器是什么:

1)构建Dockerfile:

Docker build -t my_image dir_with_dockerfile

2)保存镜像到.tar文件

-o my_file.tar my_image_id

My_file.tar将存储映像。使用tar -xvf my_file.tar打开它，您将看到所有的层。如果你深入每一层，你可以看到每一层添加了什么变化。(它们应该非常接近Dockerfile中的命令)。

3)要查看容器内部，您可以:

Sudo docker运行- my_image bash

你可以看到它很像一个操作系统。

Dockerfile类似于生成tarball (Docker映像)的Bash脚本。

Docker容器就像tarball的提取版本。您可以在不同的文件夹(容器)中拥有尽可能多的副本。

Image相当于OOP中的类定义，层是该类的不同方法和属性。

容器是图像的实际实例化，就像对象是实例化或类的实例一样。

I would like to fill the missing part here between docker images and containers. Docker uses a union file system (UFS) for containers, which allows multiple filesystems to be mounted in a hierarchy and to appear as a single filesystem. The filesystem from the image has been mounted as a read-only layer, and any changes to the running container are made to a read-write layer mounted on top of this. Because of this, Docker only has to look at the topmost read-write layer to find the changes made to the running system.

工作流

下面是端到端的工作流，显示各种命令及其相关的输入和输出。这应该澄清了映像和容器之间的关系。

+------------+  docker build   +--------------+  docker run -dt   +-----------+  docker exec -it   +------+
| Dockerfile | --------------> |    Image     | --------------->  | Container | -----------------> | Bash |
+------------+                 +--------------+                   +-----------+                    +------+
                                 ^
                                 | docker pull
                                 |
                               +--------------+
                               |   Registry   |
                               +--------------+

要列出你可以运行的图像，执行:

docker image ls

列出你可以执行命令的容器:

docker ps

An image is like a class and container is like an object that class and so you can have an infinite number of containers behaving like the image. A class is a blueprint which isnt doing anything on its own. You have to create instances of the object un your program to do anything meaningful. And so is the case with an image and a container. You define your image and then create containers running that image. It isnt exactly similar because object is an instance of a class whereas a container is something like an empty hollow place and you use the image to build up a running host with exactly what the image says