I would like to fill the missing part here between docker images and containers. Docker uses a union file system (UFS) for containers, which allows multiple filesystems to be mounted in a hierarchy and to appear as a single filesystem. The filesystem from the image has been mounted as a read-only layer, and any changes to the running container are made to a read-write layer mounted on top of this. Because of this, Docker only has to look at the topmost read-write layer to find the changes made to the running system.

映像是构建容器(正在运行的实例)的蓝图。

I would like to fill the missing part here between docker images and containers. Docker uses a union file system (UFS) for containers, which allows multiple filesystems to be mounted in a hierarchy and to appear as a single filesystem. The filesystem from the image has been mounted as a read-only layer, and any changes to the running container are made to a read-write layer mounted on top of this. Because of this, Docker only has to look at the topmost read-write layer to find the changes made to the running system.

工作流

下面是端到端的工作流，显示各种命令及其相关的输入和输出。这应该澄清了映像和容器之间的关系。

+------------+  docker build   +--------------+  docker run -dt   +-----------+  docker exec -it   +------+
| Dockerfile | --------------> |    Image     | --------------->  | Container | -----------------> | Bash |
+------------+                 +--------------+                   +-----------+                    +------+
                                 ^
                                 | docker pull
                                 |
                               +--------------+
                               |   Registry   |
                               +--------------+

要列出你可以运行的图像，执行:

docker image ls

列出你可以执行命令的容器:

docker ps

简单地说，如果一个图像是一个类，那么容器就是一个类的实例，一个运行时对象。

正如许多回答指出的那样:你构建Dockerfile来获取一个图像，然后运行image来获取一个容器。

但是，下面的步骤帮助我更好地了解Docker映像和容器是什么:

1)构建Dockerfile:

Docker build -t my_image dir_with_dockerfile

2)保存镜像到.tar文件

-o my_file.tar my_image_id

My_file.tar将存储映像。使用tar -xvf my_file.tar打开它，您将看到所有的层。如果你深入每一层，你可以看到每一层添加了什么变化。(它们应该非常接近Dockerfile中的命令)。

3)要查看容器内部，您可以:

Sudo docker运行- my_image bash

你可以看到它很像一个操作系统。