在Ruby中,如何从类的实例中调用类方法?说我有

class Truck
  def self.default_make
    # Class method.
    "mac"
  end

  def initialize
    # Instance method.
    Truck.default_make  # gets the default via the class's method.
    # But: I wish to avoid mentioning Truck. Seems I'm repeating myself.
  end
end

Truck.default_make行检索默认值。但有办法不提卡车吗?似乎应该有。


当前回答

类似于你的问题,你可以用:

class Truck
  def default_make
    # Do something
  end

  def initialize
    super
    self.default_make
  end
end

其他回答

一个:

class Truck
  def self.default_make
    "mac"
  end

  attr_reader :make

  private define_method :default_make, &method(:default_make)

  def initialize(make = default_make)
    @make = make
  end
end

puts Truck.new.make # => mac

你做得对。类方法(类似于c++或Java中的“静态”方法)不是实例的一部分,因此必须直接引用它们。

关于这一点,在你的例子中,你最好将'default_make'设置为常规方法:

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Truck
    def default_make
        # Class method.
        "mac"
    end

    def initialize
        # Instance method.
        puts default_make  # gets the default via the class's method.
    end
end

myTruck = Truck.new()

类方法对于使用该类的实用程序类型函数更有用。例如:

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Truck
    attr_accessor :make

    def default_make
        # Class method.
        "mac"
    end

    def self.buildTrucks(make, count)
        truckArray = []

        (1..count).each do
            truckArray << Truck.new(make)
        end

        return truckArray
    end

    def initialize(make = nil)
        if( make == nil )
            @make = default_make()
        else
            @make = make
        end
    end
end

myTrucks = Truck.buildTrucks("Yotota", 4)

myTrucks.each do |truck|
    puts truck.make
end

在实例方法中,你可以直接调用self.class.whatever,而不是引用类的字面名称。

class Foo
    def self.some_class_method
        puts self
    end

    def some_instance_method
        self.class.some_class_method
    end
end

print "Class method: "
Foo.some_class_method

print "Instance method: "
Foo.new.some_instance_method

输出:

Class method: Foo
Instance method: Foo

类似于你的问题,你可以用:

class Truck
  def default_make
    # Do something
  end

  def initialize
    super
    self.default_make
  end
end

如果你可以访问委托方法,你可以这样做:

[20] pry(main)> class Foo
[20] pry(main)*   def self.bar
[20] pry(main)*     "foo bar"
[20] pry(main)*   end  
[20] pry(main)*   delegate :bar, to: 'self.class'
[20] pry(main)* end  
=> [:bar]
[21] pry(main)> Foo.new.bar
=> "foo bar"
[22] pry(main)> Foo.bar
=> "foo bar"

或者,如果你有一个或两个以上的方法,你想委托给类和实例:

[1] pry(main)> class Foo
[1] pry(main)*   module AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)*     def bar
[1] pry(main)*       "foo bar"
[1] pry(main)*     end  
[1] pry(main)*   end  
[1] pry(main)*   include AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)*   extend AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)* end  
=> Foo
[2] pry(main)> Foo.new.bar
=> "foo bar"
[3] pry(main)> Foo.bar
=> "foo bar"

提醒一句:

不要只是随机地将所有不改变状态的东西委托给类和实例,因为这会开始遇到奇怪的名称冲突问题。这样做是有节制的,只有在你检查没有其他压扁。