虽然使用业务键(选项3)是最常推荐的方法(Hibernate社区wiki，“Java Persistence with Hibernate”第398页)，而且这是我们最常用的方法，但Hibernate有一个错误会破坏急于获取的集:HHH-3799。在这种情况下，Hibernate可以在字段初始化之前将一个实体添加到集合中。我不确定为什么这个错误没有得到更多的关注，因为它确实使推荐的业务键方法出现了问题。

我认为问题的核心是equals和hashCode应该基于不可变状态(参考Odersky等人)，而具有Hibernate管理的主键的Hibernate实体没有这样的不可变状态。当一个瞬态对象变成持久对象时，Hibernate会修改主键。当Hibernate在初始化过程中为对象补水时，业务键也会被Hibernate修改。

这就只剩下选项1了，基于对象身份继承java.lang.Object实现，或者使用James Brundege在“不要让Hibernate窃取你的身份”(Stijn Geukens的回答已经引用了)和Lance Arlaus在“对象生成:Hibernate集成的更好方法”中建议的应用程序管理的主键。

The biggest problem with option 1 is that detached instances can't be compared with persistent instances using .equals(). But that's OK; the contract of equals and hashCode leaves it up to the developer to decide what equality means for each class. So just let equals and hashCode inherit from Object. If you need to compare a detached instance to a persistent instance, you can create a new method explicitly for that purpose, perhaps boolean sameEntity or boolean dbEquivalent or boolean businessEquals.

Jakarta Persistence 3.0，第4.12节写道:

相同抽象模式类型的两个实体当且仅当它们具有相同的主键值时相等。

我看不出为什么Java代码的行为应该有所不同。

If the entity class is in a so called "transient" state, i.e. it's not yet persisted and it has no identifier, then the hashCode/equals methods can not return a value, they ought to blow up, ideally implicitly with a NullPointerException when the method attempts to traverse the ID. Either way, this will effectively stop application code from putting a non-managed entity into a hash-based data structure. In fact, why not go one step further and blow up if the class and identifier are equal, but other important attributes such as the version are unequal (IllegalStateException)! Fail-fast in a deterministic way is always the preferred option.

警告:也要记录下爆发行为。文档本身很重要，但它也希望能够阻止初级开发人员在未来对您的代码做一些愚蠢的事情(他们倾向于压制发生NullPointerException的地方，他们最不关心的是副作用，lol)。

哦，总是使用getClass()而不是instanceof。equals方法要求对称性。如果b等于a，那么a必须等于b。对于子类，instanceof打破了这种关系(a不是b的实例)。

尽管我个人总是使用getClass()，即使在实现非实体类(类型是状态，所以子类添加状态，即使子类是空的或只包含行为)，只有当类是final时，instanceof才会很好。但实体类必须不是最终的(§2.1)，所以我们真的别无选择。

Some folks may not like getClass(), because of the persistence provider's proxy wrapping the object. This might have been a problem in the past, but it really shouldn't be. A provider not returning different proxy classes for different entities, well, I'd say that's not a very smart provider lol. Generally, we shouldn't solve a problem until there is a problem. And, it seems like Hibernate's own documentation doesn't even see it worthwhile mentioning. In fact, they elegantly use getClass() in their own examples (see this).

Lastly, if one has an entity subclass that is an entity, and the inheritance mapping strategy used is not the default ("single table"), but configured to be a "joined subtype", then the primary key in that subclass table will be the same as the superclass table. If the mapping strategy is "table per concrete class", then the primary key may be the same as in the superclass. An entity subclass is very likely to be adding state and therefore just as likely to be logically a different thing. But an equals implementation using instanceof can not necessarily and secondarily rely on the ID only, as we saw may be the same for different entities.

在我看来，instanceof在非final Java类中根本没有位置。对于持久实体来说尤其如此。

我们通常在实体中有两个id:

仅用于持久化层(以便持久化提供程序和数据库能够找出对象之间的关系)。 是为了我们的应用程序需要(特别是equals()和hashCode())

来看看:

@Entity
public class User {

    @Id
    private int id;  // Persistence ID
    private UUID uuid; // Business ID

    // assuming all fields are subject to change
    // If we forbid users change their email or screenName we can use these
    // fields for business ID instead, but generally that's not the case
    private String screenName;
    private String email;

    // I don't put UUID generation in constructor for performance reasons. 
    // I call setUuid() when I create a new entity
    public User() {
    }

    // This method is only called when a brand new entity is added to 
    // persistence context - I add it as a safety net only but it might work 
    // for you. In some cases (say, when I add this entity to some set before 
    // calling em.persist()) setting a UUID might be too late. If I get a log 
    // output it means that I forgot to call setUuid() somewhere.
    @PrePersist
    public void ensureUuid() {
        if (getUuid() == null) {
            log.warn(format("User's UUID wasn't set on time. " 
                + "uuid: %s, name: %s, email: %s",
                getUuid(), getScreenName(), getEmail()));
            setUuid(UUID.randomUUID());
        }
    }

    // equals() and hashCode() rely on non-changing data only. Thus we 
    // guarantee that no matter how field values are changed we won't 
    // lose our entity in hash-based Sets.
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return getUuid().hashCode();
    }

    // Note that I don't use direct field access inside my entity classes and
    // call getters instead. That's because Persistence provider (PP) might
    // want to load entity data lazily. And I don't use 
    //    this.getClass() == other.getClass() 
    // for the same reason. In order to support laziness PP might need to wrap
    // my entity object in some kind of proxy, i.e. subclassing it.
    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
        if (this == obj)
            return true;
        if (!(obj instanceof User))
            return false;
        return getUuid().equals(((User) obj).getUuid());
    }

    // Getters and setters follow
}

编辑:澄清我关于调用setUuid()方法的观点。下面是一个典型的场景:

User user = new User();
// user.setUuid(UUID.randomUUID()); // I should have called it here
user.setName("Master Yoda");
user.setEmail("yoda@jedicouncil.org");

jediSet.add(user); // here's bug - we forgot to set UUID and 
                   //we won't find Yoda in Jedi set

em.persist(user); // ensureUuid() was called and printed the log for me.

jediCouncilSet.add(user); // Ok, we got a UUID now

当我运行测试并看到日志输出时，我解决了这个问题:

User user = new User();
user.setUuid(UUID.randomUUID());

或者，也可以提供一个单独的构造函数:

@Entity
public class User {

    @Id
    private int id;  // Persistence ID
    private UUID uuid; // Business ID

    ... // fields

    // Constructor for Persistence provider to use
    public User() {
    }

    // Constructor I use when creating new entities
    public User(UUID uuid) {
        setUuid(uuid);
    }

    ... // rest of the entity.
}

我的例子是这样的:

User user = new User(UUID.randomUUID());
...
jediSet.add(user); // no bug this time

em.persist(user); // and no log output

我使用默认构造函数和setter，但您可能会发现双构造函数方法更适合您。

显然，这里已经有了非常有用的答案，但我将告诉你我们是怎么做的。

我们什么也不做。

如果我们确实需要= /hashcode来处理集合，则使用uuid。 您只需在构造函数中创建UUID。我们使用http://wiki.fasterxml.com/JugHome作为UUID。UUID的CPU开销稍高，但与序列化和db访问相比便宜。

我同意Andrew的回答。我们在应用程序中做同样的事情，但不是将uuid存储为VARCHAR/CHAR，而是将其分割为两个长值。请参阅UUID.getLeastSignificantBits()和UUID.getMostSignificantBits()。

还有一件事需要考虑，对UUID. randomuuid()的调用非常慢，因此您可能希望只在需要时才惰性地生成UUID，例如在持久化期间或调用equals()/hashCode()期间

@MappedSuperclass
public abstract class AbstractJpaEntity extends AbstractMutable implements Identifiable, Modifiable {

    private static final long   serialVersionUID    = 1L;

    @Version
    @Column(name = "version", nullable = false)
    private int                 version             = 0;

    @Column(name = "uuid_least_sig_bits")
    private long                uuidLeastSigBits    = 0;

    @Column(name = "uuid_most_sig_bits")
    private long                uuidMostSigBits     = 0;

    private transient int       hashCode            = 0;

    public AbstractJpaEntity() {
        //
    }

    public abstract Integer getId();

    public abstract void setId(final Integer id);

    public boolean isPersisted() {
        return getId() != null;
    }

    public int getVersion() {
        return version;
    }

    //calling UUID.randomUUID() is pretty expensive, 
    //so this is to lazily initialize uuid bits.
    private void initUUID() {
        final UUID uuid = UUID.randomUUID();
        uuidLeastSigBits = uuid.getLeastSignificantBits();
        uuidMostSigBits = uuid.getMostSignificantBits();
    }

    public long getUuidLeastSigBits() {
        //its safe to assume uuidMostSigBits of a valid UUID is never zero
        if (uuidMostSigBits == 0) {
            initUUID();
        }
        return uuidLeastSigBits;
    }

    public long getUuidMostSigBits() {
        //its safe to assume uuidMostSigBits of a valid UUID is never zero
        if (uuidMostSigBits == 0) {
            initUUID();
        }
        return uuidMostSigBits;
    }

    public UUID getUuid() {
        return new UUID(getUuidMostSigBits(), getUuidLeastSigBits());
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        if (hashCode == 0) {
            hashCode = (int) (getUuidMostSigBits() >> 32 ^ getUuidMostSigBits() ^ getUuidLeastSigBits() >> 32 ^ getUuidLeastSigBits());
        }
        return hashCode;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
        if (obj == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!(obj instanceof AbstractJpaEntity)) {
            return false;
        }
        //UUID guarantees a pretty good uniqueness factor across distributed systems, so we can safely
        //dismiss getClass().equals(obj.getClass()) here since the chance of two different objects (even 
        //if they have different types) having the same UUID is astronomical
        final AbstractJpaEntity entity = (AbstractJpaEntity) obj;
        return getUuidMostSigBits() == entity.getUuidMostSigBits() && getUuidLeastSigBits() == entity.getUuidLeastSigBits();
    }

    @PrePersist
    public void prePersist() {
        // make sure the uuid is set before persisting
        getUuidLeastSigBits();
    }

}

我过去一直使用选项1，因为我知道这些讨论，并认为在我知道正确的事情之前最好什么都不做。这些系统仍在成功运行。

但是，下次我可能会尝试选项2 -使用数据库生成的Id。

如果未设置id, Hashcode和equals将抛出IllegalStateException。

这将防止涉及未保存实体的细微错误意外出现。

人们对这种方法有什么看法?