今天所教授的软件工程完全专注于面向对象的编程和“自然的”面向对象的世界观。有一个详细的方法,描述了如何将一个领域模型转换成一个类模型,该方法有几个步骤和很多(UML)工件,比如用例图或类图。许多程序员已经内化了这种方法,并且对如何从头开始设计面向对象的应用程序有很好的想法。

新的宣传是函数式编程,在许多书籍和教程中都有介绍。但是功能性软件工程呢? 在阅读关于Lisp和Clojure的文章时,我发现了两个有趣的陈述:

函数式程序通常是自底向上而不是自顶向下开发的(《论Lisp》,Paul Graham) 函数式程序员使用映射,而oop程序员使用对象/类(《Clojure for Java Programmers》,Rich Hickley谈话)。

那么,在Lisp或Clojure中,系统地(基于模型的)设计功能应用程序的方法是什么呢?常见的步骤是什么,我使用什么构件,我如何将它们从问题空间映射到解决方案空间?


当前回答

就我个人而言,我发现来自OO开发的所有常见的良好实践也适用于函数式编程——只是在考虑函数式世界观时做了一些小调整。从方法论的角度来看,您实际上不需要做任何根本不同的事情。

我的经验来自于最近几年从Java转移到Clojure。

一些例子:

Understand your business domain / data model - equally important whether you are going to design an object model or create a functional data structure with nested maps. In some ways, FP can be easier because it encourages you to think about data model separately from functions / processes but you still have to do both. Service orientation in design - actually works very well from a FP perspective, since a typical service is really just a function with some side effects. I think that the "bottom up" view of software development sometimes espoused in the Lisp world is actually just good service-oriented API design principles in another guise. Test Driven Development - works well in FP languages, in fact sometimes even better because pure functions lend themselves extremely well to writing clear, repeatable tests without any need for setting up a stateful environment. You might also want to build separate tests to check data integrity (e.g. does this map have all the keys in it that I expect, to balance the fact that in an OO language the class definition would enforce this for you at compile time). Prototying / iteration - works just as well with FP. You might even be able to prototype live with users if you get very extremely good at building tools / DSL and using them at the REPL.

其他回答

就我个人而言,我发现来自OO开发的所有常见的良好实践也适用于函数式编程——只是在考虑函数式世界观时做了一些小调整。从方法论的角度来看,您实际上不需要做任何根本不同的事情。

我的经验来自于最近几年从Java转移到Clojure。

一些例子:

Understand your business domain / data model - equally important whether you are going to design an object model or create a functional data structure with nested maps. In some ways, FP can be easier because it encourages you to think about data model separately from functions / processes but you still have to do both. Service orientation in design - actually works very well from a FP perspective, since a typical service is really just a function with some side effects. I think that the "bottom up" view of software development sometimes espoused in the Lisp world is actually just good service-oriented API design principles in another guise. Test Driven Development - works well in FP languages, in fact sometimes even better because pure functions lend themselves extremely well to writing clear, repeatable tests without any need for setting up a stateful environment. You might also want to build separate tests to check data integrity (e.g. does this map have all the keys in it that I expect, to balance the fact that in an OO language the class definition would enforce this for you at compile time). Prototying / iteration - works just as well with FP. You might even be able to prototype live with users if you get very extremely good at building tools / DSL and using them at the REPL.

好吧,

一般来说,许多函数式编程语言在大学里被用来解决“小玩具问题”已经很长时间了。

由于“状态”的原因,OOP在“并行编程”方面有困难,因此它们现在变得越来越流行。有时函数式风格更适合解决手头的问题,比如谷歌MapReduce。

我敢肯定,当功能人员碰壁(尝试实现超过1.000.000行代码的系统)时,他们中的一些人会提出新的软件工程方法,并使用流行语:-)。他们应该回答这个老问题:如何将系统分成几部分,以便我们可以一次“咬”每一部分?使用功能风格[工作迭代,仪式和进化的方式]。

函数式风格肯定会影响我们的面向对象 风格。我们“保留”了功能系统中的许多概念并加以适应 我们的OOP语言。

但是函数式程序会被用于这样一个大系统吗?它们会成为主流吗?这就是问题所在。

没有人能提出现实的方法,而不实施这样一个大系统,弄脏自己的手。 首先你应该把自己的手弄脏,然后再提出解决方案。解决方案-没有“真正的痛苦和污垢”的建议将是“幻想”。

请看我对另一篇文章的回答:

Clojure如何实现关注点分离?

我同意需要写更多关于如何构造使用FP方法的大型应用程序的主题(另外需要做更多的工作来记录FP驱动的ui)

有一种“程序计算”/“通过计算设计”的风格与Richard Bird教授和牛津大学(英国)的代数编程组有关,我不认为将其视为一种方法论太牵强。

就我个人而言,虽然我喜欢AoP小组的工作,但我自己没有以这种方式实践设计的规程。但这是我的缺点,不是程序计算的缺点之一。

我发现行为驱动开发非常适合在Clojure和SBCL中快速开发代码。与函数式语言一起使用BDD的真正好处是,我倾向于编写比使用过程式语言更精细的单元测试,因为我在将问题分解为更小的功能块方面做得更好。