*args和**kwargs是什么意思?

def foo(x, y, *args):
def bar(x, y, **kwargs):

当前回答

此表便于在函数构造和函数调用中使用*和**:

            In function construction         In function call
=======================================================================
          |  def f(*args):                 |  def f(a, b):
*args     |      for arg in args:          |      return a + b
          |          print(arg)            |  args = (1, 2)
          |  f(1, 2)                       |  f(*args)
----------|--------------------------------|---------------------------
          |  def f(a, b):                  |  def f(a, b):
**kwargs  |      return a + b              |      return a + b
          |  def g(**kwargs):              |  kwargs = dict(a=1, b=2)
          |      return f(**kwargs)        |  f(**kwargs)
          |  g(a=1, b=2)                   |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

这真的只是用来概括洛林·霍希斯坦的答案,但我觉得它很有用。

相关地:在Python 3中扩展了星形/splat运算符的用法

其他回答

除了函数调用之外,*args和**kwargs在类层次结构中也很有用,并且还可以避免在Python中编写__init__方法。类似的用法可以在Django代码等框架中看到。

例如

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
    for attribute_name, value in zip(self._expected_attributes, args):
        setattr(self, attribute_name, value)
        if kwargs.has_key(attribute_name):
            kwargs.pop(attribute_name)

    for attribute_name in kwargs.viewkeys():
        setattr(self, attribute_name, kwargs[attribute_name])

子类可以是

class RetailItem(Item):
    _expected_attributes = Item._expected_attributes + ['name', 'price', 'category', 'country_of_origin']

class FoodItem(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['expiry_date']

然后将子类实例化为

food_item = FoodItem(name = 'Jam', 
                     price = 12.0, 
                     category = 'Foods', 
                     country_of_origin = 'US', 
                     expiry_date = datetime.datetime.now())

此外,具有仅对该子类实例有意义的新属性的子类可以调用基类__init__来卸载属性设置。这是通过*args和**kwargs完成的。kwargs主要用于使用命名参数使代码可读。例如

class ElectronicAccessories(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['specifications']
    # Depend on args and kwargs to populate the data as needed.
    def __init__(self, specifications = None, *args, **kwargs):
        self.specifications = specifications  # Rest of attributes will make sense to parent class.
        super(ElectronicAccessories, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

其可以被初始化为

usb_key = ElectronicAccessories(name = 'Sandisk', 
                                price = '$6.00', 
                                category = 'Electronics',
                                country_of_origin = 'CN',
                                specifications = '4GB USB 2.0/USB 3.0')

完整的代码在这里

上下文

python 3.x使用打开包装**与字符串格式一起使用

与字符串格式一起使用

除了本主题中的答案之外,还有一个其他地方没有提到的细节。这扩展了Brad Solomon的答案

使用python str.format时,使用**解包也很有用。

这有点类似于使用python f-string f-string所做的操作,但增加了声明dict以保存变量的开销(f-string不需要dict)。

快速示例

  ## init vars
  ddvars = dict()
  ddcalc = dict()
  pass
  ddvars['fname']     = 'Huomer'
  ddvars['lname']     = 'Huimpson'
  ddvars['motto']     = 'I love donuts!'
  ddvars['age']       = 33
  pass
  ddcalc['ydiff']     = 5
  ddcalc['ycalc']     = ddvars['age'] + ddcalc['ydiff']
  pass
  vdemo = []

  ## ********************
  ## single unpack supported in py 2.7
  vdemo.append('''
  Hello {fname} {lname}!

  Today you are {age} years old!

  We love your motto "{motto}" and we agree with you!
  '''.format(**ddvars)) 
  pass

  ## ********************
  ## multiple unpack supported in py 3.x
  vdemo.append('''
  Hello {fname} {lname}!

  In {ydiff} years you will be {ycalc} years old!
  '''.format(**ddvars,**ddcalc)) 
  pass

  ## ********************
  print(vdemo[-1])

对于那些通过实例学习的人!

*的目的是让您能够定义一个函数,该函数可以接受作为列表提供的任意数量的参数(例如f(*myList))。**的目的是通过提供字典(例如f(**{'x':1,'y':2}))来提供函数的参数。

让我们通过定义一个函数来展示这一点,该函数接受两个正常变量x,y,并且可以接受更多的参数作为myArgs,并且可以接收更多的参数为myKW。稍后,我们将展示如何使用myArgDict喂养y。

def f(x, y, *myArgs, **myKW):
    print("# x      = {}".format(x))
    print("# y      = {}".format(y))
    print("# myArgs = {}".format(myArgs))
    print("# myKW   = {}".format(myKW))
    print("# ----------------------------------------------------------------------")

# Define a list for demonstration purposes
myList    = ["Left", "Right", "Up", "Down"]
# Define a dictionary for demonstration purposes
myDict    = {"Wubba": "lubba", "Dub": "dub"}
# Define a dictionary to feed y
myArgDict = {'y': "Why?", 'y0': "Why not?", "q": "Here is a cue!"}

# The 1st elem of myList feeds y
f("myEx", *myList, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Left
# myArgs = ('Right', 'Up', 'Down')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# y is matched and fed first
# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myKW
f("myEx", **myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Why?
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {'y0': 'Why not?', 'q': 'Here is a cue!'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myArgs
f("myEx", *myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = y
# myArgs = ('y0', 'q')
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Feed extra arguments manually and append even more from my list
f("myEx", 4, 42, 420, *myList, *myDict, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = 4
# myArgs = (42, 420, 'Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down', 'Wubba', 'Dub')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Without the stars, the entire provided list and dict become x, and y:
f(myList, myDict)
# x      = ['Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down']
# y      = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

注意事项

**专为词典保留。非可选参数赋值首先发生。不能两次使用非可选参数。如果适用,**必须始终在*之后。

*args是一个特殊的参数,可以将0个或多个(位置)参数作为元组。**kwargs是一个特殊的参数,可以将0个或多个(关键字)参数作为字典。

*在Python中,有两种参数位置参数和关键字参数:

*参数:

例如,*args可以采用0个或多个参数作为元组,如下所示:

           ↓
def test(*args):
    print(args)

test() # Here
test(1, 2, 3, 4) # Here
test((1, 2, 3, 4)) # Here
test(*(1, 2, 3, 4)) # Here

输出:

()
(1, 2, 3, 4)
((1, 2, 3, 4),)
(1, 2, 3, 4)

并且,当打印*参数时,将打印4个数字,不带括号和逗号:

def test(*args):
    print(*args) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出:

1 2 3 4

并且,args具有元组类型:

def test(*args):
    print(type(args)) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出:

<class 'tuple'>

但是,*参数没有类型:

def test(*args):
    print(type(*args)) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出(错误):

TypeError:type()需要1或3个参数

并且,正常参数可以放在*args之前,如下所示:

          ↓     ↓
def test(num1, num2, *args):
    print(num1, num2, args)
    
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出:

1 2 (3, 4)

但是,**kwargs不能放在*args之前,如下所示:

             ↓     
def test(**kwargs, *args):
    print(kwargs, args)
    
test(num1=1, num2=2, 3, 4)

输出(错误):

语法错误:无效语法

而且,正常参数不能放在*args之后,如下所示:

                 ↓     ↓
def test(*args, num1, num2):
    print(args, num1, num2)
    
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出(错误):

TypeError:test()缺少2个必需的仅关键字参数:“num1”和“num2”

但是,如果正常参数具有默认值,则可以将它们放在*args之后,如下所示:

                      ↓         ↓
def test(*args, num1=100, num2=None):
    print(args, num1, num2)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

输出:

(1, 2) 3 4

此外,**kwargs可以放在*args之后,如下所示:

                    ↓
def test(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

输出:

(1, 2) {'num1': 3, 'num2': 4}

**克瓦格斯:

例如,**kwargs可以使用0个或多个参数作为字典,如下所示:

             ↓
def test(**kwargs):
    print(kwargs)

test() # Here
test(name="John", age=27) # Here
test(**{"name": "John", "age": 27}) # Here

输出:

{}
{'name': 'John', 'age': 27}
{'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

并且,当打印*kwargs时,将打印两个键:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(*kwargs) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

输出:

name age

并且,kwargs具有dict类型:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

输出:

<class 'dict'>

但是,*kwargs和**kwargs没有类型:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(*kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)
def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(**kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

输出(错误):

TypeError:type()需要1或3个参数

并且,正常参数可以放在**kwargs之前,如下所示:

          ↓     ↓
def test(num1, num2, **kwargs):
    print(num1, num2, kwargs)

test(1, 2, name="John", age=27)

输出:

1 2 {'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

此外,*args可以放在**kwargs之前,如下所示:

           ↓
def test(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs)

test(1, 2, name="John", age=27)

输出:

(1, 2) {'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

并且,正常参数和*args不能放在**kwargs之后,如下所示:

                    ↓     ↓
def test(**kwargs, num1, num2):
    print(kwargs, num1, num2)

test(name="John", age=27, 1, 2)
                     ↓
def test(**kwargs, *args):
    print(kwargs, args)

test(name="John", age=27, 1, 2)

输出(错误):

语法错误:无效语法

对于*args和**kwargs:

实际上,您可以为*args和**kwargs使用其他名称,如下所示*args和**kwargs通常使用:

            ↓        ↓
def test(*banana, **orange):
    print(banana, orange)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

输出:

(1, 2) {'num1': 3, 'num2': 4}

还值得注意的是,在调用函数时也可以使用*和**。这是一个快捷方式,允许您直接使用列表/元组或字典将多个参数传递给函数。例如,如果您具有以下功能:

def foo(x,y,z):
    print("x=" + str(x))
    print("y=" + str(y))
    print("z=" + str(z))

您可以执行以下操作:

>>> mylist = [1,2,3]
>>> foo(*mylist)
x=1
y=2
z=3

>>> mydict = {'x':1,'y':2,'z':3}
>>> foo(**mydict)
x=1
y=2
z=3

>>> mytuple = (1, 2, 3)
>>> foo(*mytuple)
x=1
y=2
z=3

注意:mydict中的键必须与函数foo的参数完全相同。否则将抛出TypeError:

>>> mydict = {'x':1,'y':2,'z':3,'badnews':9}
>>> foo(**mydict)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: foo() got an unexpected keyword argument 'badnews'