基于Martijn Pieters的解决方案，我做了以下工作:

1)创建一个实现post_init的混合

from dataclasses import dataclass

no_default = object()


@dataclass
class NoDefaultAttributesPostInitMixin:

    def __post_init__(self):
        for key, value in self.__dict__.items():
            if value is no_default:
                raise TypeError(
                    f"__init__ missing 1 required argument: '{key}'"
                )

2)然后在有继承问题的类中:

from src.utils import no_default, NoDefaultAttributesChild

@dataclass
class MyDataclass(DataclassWithDefaults, NoDefaultAttributesPostInitMixin):
    attr1: str = no_default

编辑:

一段时间后，我也发现这个解决方案与mypy的问题，下面的代码修复这个问题。

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Union

T = TypeVar("T")


class NoDefault(Generic[T]):
    ...


NoDefaultVar = Union[NoDefault[T], T]
no_default: NoDefault = NoDefault()


@dataclass
class NoDefaultAttributesPostInitMixin:
    def __post_init__(self):
        for key, value in self.__dict__.items():
            if value is NoDefault:
                raise TypeError(f"__init__ missing 1 required argument: '{key}'")


@dataclass
class Parent(NoDefaultAttributesPostInitMixin):
    a: str = ""

@dataclass
class Child(Foo):
    b: NoDefaultVar[str] = no_default

下面的方法在使用纯python数据类和没有太多样板代码的情况下处理这个问题。

丑陋的:数据类。InitVar[bool]只是作为一个伪字段来帮助我们进行初始化，一旦创建实例就会丢失。而_ugly: bool = field(init=False)是一个实例成员，它不会通过__init__方法初始化，但也可以使用__post_init__方法初始化(你可以在这里找到更多)。

from dataclasses import dataclass, field, InitVar

@dataclass
class Parent:
    name: str
    age: int
    ugly: InitVar[bool]
    _ugly: bool = field(init=False)

    def __post_init__(self, ugly: bool):
        self._ugly = ugly

    def print_name(self):
        print(self.name)

    def print_age(self):
        print(self.age)

    def print_id(self):
        print(f'The Name is {self.name} and {self.name} is {self.age} year old')

@dataclass
class Child(Parent):
    school: str

jack = Parent('jack snr', 32, ugly=True)
jack_son = Child('jack jnr', 12, school='havard', ugly=True)

jack.print_id()
jack_son.print_id()

注意，这使得字段ugly成为强制性的，使其成为可选的。你可以在父类上定义一个类方法，其中包含ugly作为可选参数:

from dataclasses import dataclass, field, InitVar

@dataclass
class Parent:
    name: str
    age: int
    ugly: InitVar[bool]
    _ugly: bool = field(init=False)

    def __post_init__(self, ugly: bool):
        self._ugly = ugly
    
    @classmethod
    def create(cls, ugly=True, **kwargs):
        return cls(ugly=ugly, **kwargs)

    def print_name(self):
        print(self.name)

    def print_age(self):
        print(self.age)

    def print_id(self):
        print(f'The Name is {self.name} and {self.name} is {self.age} year old')

@dataclass
class Child(Parent):
    school: str

jack = Parent.create(name='jack snr', age=32, ugly=False)
jack_son = Child.create(name='jack jnr', age=12, school='harvard')

jack.print_id()
jack_son.print_id()

现在您可以使用create(…)类方法作为创建父/子类的工厂方法，并使用默认值ugly。注意，这种方法必须使用命名参数才能工作。

你可以使用数据类的修改版本，它将生成一个只包含关键字的__init__方法:

import dataclasses


def _init_fn(fields, frozen, has_post_init, self_name):
    # fields contains both real fields and InitVar pseudo-fields.
    globals = {'MISSING': dataclasses.MISSING,
               '_HAS_DEFAULT_FACTORY': dataclasses._HAS_DEFAULT_FACTORY}

    body_lines = []
    for f in fields:
        line = dataclasses._field_init(f, frozen, globals, self_name)
        # line is None means that this field doesn't require
        # initialization (it's a pseudo-field).  Just skip it.
        if line:
            body_lines.append(line)

    # Does this class have a post-init function?
    if has_post_init:
        params_str = ','.join(f.name for f in fields
                              if f._field_type is dataclasses._FIELD_INITVAR)
        body_lines.append(f'{self_name}.{dataclasses._POST_INIT_NAME}({params_str})')

    # If no body lines, use 'pass'.
    if not body_lines:
        body_lines = ['pass']

    locals = {f'_type_{f.name}': f.type for f in fields}
    return dataclasses._create_fn('__init__',
                      [self_name, '*'] + [dataclasses._init_param(f) for f in fields if f.init],
                      body_lines,
                      locals=locals,
                      globals=globals,
                      return_type=None)


def add_init(cls, frozen):
    fields = getattr(cls, dataclasses._FIELDS)

    # Does this class have a post-init function?
    has_post_init = hasattr(cls, dataclasses._POST_INIT_NAME)

    # Include InitVars and regular fields (so, not ClassVars).
    flds = [f for f in fields.values()
            if f._field_type in (dataclasses._FIELD, dataclasses._FIELD_INITVAR)]
    dataclasses._set_new_attribute(cls, '__init__',
                       _init_fn(flds,
                                frozen,
                                has_post_init,
                                # The name to use for the "self"
                                # param in __init__.  Use "self"
                                # if possible.
                                '__dataclass_self__' if 'self' in fields
                                else 'self',
                                ))

    return cls


# a dataclass with a constructor that only takes keyword arguments
def dataclass_keyword_only(_cls=None, *, repr=True, eq=True, order=False,
              unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False):
    def wrap(cls):
        cls = dataclasses.dataclass(
            cls, init=False, repr=repr, eq=eq, order=order, unsafe_hash=unsafe_hash, frozen=frozen)
        return add_init(cls, frozen)

    # See if we're being called as @dataclass or @dataclass().
    if _cls is None:
        # We're called with parens.
        return wrap

    # We're called as @dataclass without parens.
    return wrap(_cls)

(也作为要点发布，用Python 3.6 backport测试)

这需要将子类定义为

@dataclass_keyword_only
class Child(Parent):
    school: str
    ugly: bool = True

并且会生成__init__(self， *， name:str, age:int, ugly:bool=True, school:str)(这是有效的python)。这里唯一的警告是不允许使用位置参数初始化对象，但除此之外，它是一个完全常规的数据类，没有丑陋的hack。

一个快速而肮脏的解决方案:

from typing import Optional

@dataclass
class Child(Parent):
    school: Optional[str] = None
    ugly: bool = True

    def __post_init__(self):
        assert self.school is not None

然后返回并重构一次(希望如此)扩展了语言。

如何像这样定义丑陋的字段，而不是默认的方式?

ugly: bool = field(metadata=dict(required=False, missing=False))

如果你使用的是Python 3.10+，那么你可以在这个答案和Python文档中讨论的数据类中使用仅关键字参数。

如果你使用的是< Python 3.10，那么你可以利用数据类。字段，使用default_factory抛出。由于该属性将使用field()声明，因此它被视为具有默认值;但是，如果用户试图创建一个实例而没有提供该字段的值，它将使用工厂，这将会出错。

这种技术并不等同于仅使用关键字，因为您仍然可以按位置提供所有参数。但是，这确实解决了问题，而且比使用各种数据类dunder方法要简单得多。

from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Optional, TypeVar

T = TypeVar("T")


def required() -> T:
    f: T

    def factory() -> T:
        # mypy treats a Field as a T, even though it has attributes like .name, .default, etc
        field_name = f.name  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        raise ValueError(f"field '{field_name}' required")

    f = field(default_factory=factory)
    return f


@dataclass
class Event:
    id: str
    created_at: datetime
    updated_at: Optional[datetime] = None


@dataclass
class NamedEvent(Event):
    name: str = required()


event = NamedEvent(name="Some Event", id="ab13c1a", created_at=datetime.now())
print("created event:", event)


event2 = NamedEvent("ab13c1a", datetime.now(), name="Some Other Event")
print("created event:", event2)

event3 = NamedEvent("ab13c1a", datetime.now())

输出:

created event: NamedEvent(id='ab13c1a', created_at=datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 23, 19, 22, 17, 944550), updated_at=None, name='Some Event')
created event: NamedEvent(id='ab13c1a', created_at=datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 23, 19, 22, 17, 944588), updated_at=None, name='Some Other Event')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File ".../gist.py", line 39, in <module>
    event3 = NamedEvent("ab13c1a", datetime.now())
  File "<string>", line 6, in __init__
  File ".../gist.py", line 14, in factory
    raise ValueError(f"field '{field_name}' required")
ValueError: field 'name' required

你也可以在github上找到这段代码。