您看到此错误是因为在具有默认值的实参之后添加了没有默认值的实参。继承字段到数据类中的插入顺序与方法解析顺序相反，这意味着父字段放在前面，即使它们稍后被它们的子字段覆盖。

来自PEP-557 -数据类的示例:

@dataclass 阶级基础: x: Any = 15.0 Y: int = 0 @dataclass C类(基础): Z: int = 10 X: int = 15 最终的字段列表是，按顺序，x, y, z。x的最终类型是int，在类C中指定。

不幸的是，我认为没有其他办法。我的理解是，如果父类有默认实参，那么子类就不能有非默认实参。

当您使用Python继承创建数据类时，不能保证所有具有默认值的字段将出现在所有没有默认值的字段之后。

一个简单的解决方案是避免使用多重继承来构造“合并”数据类。相反，我们可以通过对父数据类的字段进行过滤和排序来构建合并的数据类。

试试这个merge_dataclasses()函数:

import dataclasses
import functools
from typing import Iterable, Type


def merge_dataclasses(
    cls_name: str,
    *,
    merge_from: Iterable[Type],
    **kwargs,
):
    """
    Construct a dataclass by merging the fields
    from an arbitrary number of dataclasses.

    Args:
        cls_name: The name of the constructed dataclass.

        merge_from: An iterable of dataclasses
            whose fields should be merged.

        **kwargs: Keyword arguments are passed to
            :py:func:`dataclasses.make_dataclass`.

    Returns:
        Returns a new dataclass
    """
    # Merge the fields from the dataclasses,
    # with field names from later dataclasses overwriting
    # any conflicting predecessor field names.
    each_base_fields = [d.__dataclass_fields__ for d in merge_from]
    merged_fields = functools.reduce(
        lambda x, y: {**x, **y}, each_base_fields
    )

    # We have to reorder all of the fields from all of the dataclasses
    # so that *all* of the fields without defaults appear
    # in the merged dataclass *before* all of the fields with defaults.
    fields_without_defaults = [
        (f.name, f.type, f)
        for f in merged_fields.values()
        if isinstance(f.default, dataclasses._MISSING_TYPE)
    ]
    fields_with_defaults = [
        (f.name, f.type, f)
        for f in merged_fields.values()
        if not isinstance(f.default, dataclasses._MISSING_TYPE)
    ]
    fields = [*fields_without_defaults, *fields_with_defaults]

    return dataclasses.make_dataclass(
        cls_name=cls_name,
        fields=fields,
        **kwargs,
    )

然后，您可以按照如下方式合并数据类。注意，我们可以合并A和B，默认字段B和d被移动到合并的数据类的末尾。

@dataclasses.dataclass
class A:
    a: int
    b: int = 0


@dataclasses.dataclass
class B:
    c: int
    d: int = 0


C = merge_dataclasses(
    "C",
    merge_from=[A, B],
)

# Note that 
print(C(a=1, d=1).__dict__)
# {'a': 1, 'd': 1, 'b': 0, 'c': 0}

当然，这种解决方案的缺陷是C实际上不继承A和B，这意味着您不能使用isinstance()或其他类型断言来验证C的亲本。

如何像这样定义丑陋的字段，而不是默认的方式?

ugly: bool = field(metadata=dict(required=False, missing=False))

如果你使用的是Python 3.10+，那么你可以在这个答案和Python文档中讨论的数据类中使用仅关键字参数。

如果你使用的是< Python 3.10，那么你可以利用数据类。字段，使用default_factory抛出。由于该属性将使用field()声明，因此它被视为具有默认值;但是，如果用户试图创建一个实例而没有提供该字段的值，它将使用工厂，这将会出错。

这种技术并不等同于仅使用关键字，因为您仍然可以按位置提供所有参数。但是，这确实解决了问题，而且比使用各种数据类dunder方法要简单得多。

from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Optional, TypeVar

T = TypeVar("T")


def required() -> T:
    f: T

    def factory() -> T:
        # mypy treats a Field as a T, even though it has attributes like .name, .default, etc
        field_name = f.name  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        raise ValueError(f"field '{field_name}' required")

    f = field(default_factory=factory)
    return f


@dataclass
class Event:
    id: str
    created_at: datetime
    updated_at: Optional[datetime] = None


@dataclass
class NamedEvent(Event):
    name: str = required()


event = NamedEvent(name="Some Event", id="ab13c1a", created_at=datetime.now())
print("created event:", event)


event2 = NamedEvent("ab13c1a", datetime.now(), name="Some Other Event")
print("created event:", event2)

event3 = NamedEvent("ab13c1a", datetime.now())

输出:

created event: NamedEvent(id='ab13c1a', created_at=datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 23, 19, 22, 17, 944550), updated_at=None, name='Some Event')
created event: NamedEvent(id='ab13c1a', created_at=datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 23, 19, 22, 17, 944588), updated_at=None, name='Some Other Event')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File ".../gist.py", line 39, in <module>
    event3 = NamedEvent("ab13c1a", datetime.now())
  File "<string>", line 6, in __init__
  File ".../gist.py", line 14, in factory
    raise ValueError(f"field '{field_name}' required")
ValueError: field 'name' required

你也可以在github上找到这段代码。

补充使用attrs的Martijn Pieters解决方案:可以在没有默认属性复制的情况下创建继承，使用:

import attr

@attr.s(auto_attribs=True)
class Parent:
    name: str
    age: int
    ugly: bool = attr.ib(default=False, kw_only=True)


@attr.s(auto_attribs=True)
class Child(Parent):
    school: str
    ugly: bool = True

关于kw_only参数的更多信息可以在这里找到

一个实验性但有趣的解决方案是使用元类。下面的解决方案允许使用带有简单继承的Python数据类，而完全不使用数据类装饰器。此外，它可以继承父基类的字段，而不必抱怨位置参数的顺序(非默认字段)。

from collections import OrderedDict
import typing as ty
import dataclasses
from itertools import takewhile

class DataClassTerm:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        return super().__new__(cls)

class DataClassMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, clsdict):
        fields = {}

        # Get list of base classes including the class to be produced(initialized without its original base classes as those have already become dataclasses)
        bases_and_self = [dataclasses.dataclass(super().__new__(cls, clsname, (DataClassTerm,), clsdict))] + list(bases)

        # Whatever is a subclass of DataClassTerm will become a DataClassTerm. 
        # Following block will iterate and create individual dataclasses and collect their fields
        for base in bases_and_self[::-1]: # Ensure that last fields in last base is prioritized
            if issubclass(base, DataClassTerm):
                to_dc_bases = list(takewhile(lambda c: c is not DataClassTerm, base.__mro__))
                for dc_base in to_dc_bases[::-1]: # Ensure that last fields in last base in MRO is prioritized(same as in dataclasses)
                    if dataclasses.is_dataclass(dc_base):
                        valid_dc = dc_base
                    else:
                        valid_dc = dataclasses.dataclass(dc_base)
                    for field in dataclasses.fields(valid_dc):
                        fields[field.name] = (field.name, field.type, field)
        
        # Following block will reorder the fields so that fields without default values are first in order
        reordered_fields = OrderedDict()
        for n, t, f  in fields.values():
            if f.default is dataclasses.MISSING and f.default_factory is dataclasses.MISSING:
                reordered_fields[n] = (n, t, f)
        for n, t, f  in fields.values():
            if n not in reordered_fields.keys():
                reordered_fields[n] = (n, t, f)
        
        # Create a new dataclass using `dataclasses.make_dataclass`, which ultimately calls type.__new__, which is the same as super().__new__ in our case
        fields = list(reordered_fields.values())
        full_dc = dataclasses.make_dataclass(cls_name=clsname, fields=fields, init=True, bases=(DataClassTerm,))
        
        # Discard the created dataclass class and create new one using super but preserve the dataclass specific namespace.
        return super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, {**full_dc.__dict__,**clsdict})
    
class DataClassCustom(DataClassTerm, metaclass=DataClassMeta):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if len(args)>0:
            raise RuntimeError("Do not use positional arguments for initialization.")
        return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)

现在让我们创建一个带有父数据类和混合类的样本数据类:

class DataClassCustomA(DataClassCustom):
    field_A_1: int = dataclasses.field()
    field_A_2: ty.AnyStr = dataclasses.field(default=None)

class SomeOtherClass:
    def methodA(self):
        print('print from SomeOtherClass().methodA')

class DataClassCustomB(DataClassCustomA,SomeOtherClass):
    field_B_1: int = dataclasses.field()
    field_B_2: ty.Dict = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)

结果是

result_b = DataClassCustomB(field_A_1=1, field_B_1=2)

result_b
# DataClassCustomB(field_A_1=1, field_B_1=2, field_A_2=None, field_B_2={})

result_b.methodA()
# print from SomeOtherClass().methodA

尝试在每个父类上使用@dataclass装饰器做同样的事情会在接下来的子类中引发一个异常，如TypeError(f'non-default argument <field-name)跟随默认参数')。上面的解决方案防止了这种情况的发生，因为字段首先被重新排序。然而，由于字段的顺序被修改了，在DataClassCustom中防止*args的使用。__new__是强制的，因为原来的顺序不再有效。

虽然在Python >=3.10中引入了kw_only特性，本质上使数据类中的继承更加可靠，但上面的示例仍然可以用作一种使数据类可继承的方法，而不需要使用@dataclass装饰器。