编辑:chardet似乎无人维护，但大部分答案适用。请登录https://pypi.org/project/charset-normalizer/查看其他选择

始终正确地检测编码是不可能的。

(来自chardet FAQ:)

However, some encodings are optimized for specific languages, and languages are not random. Some character sequences pop up all the time, while other sequences make no sense. A person fluent in English who opens a newspaper and finds “txzqJv 2!dasd0a QqdKjvz” will instantly recognize that that isn't English (even though it is composed entirely of English letters). By studying lots of “typical” text, a computer algorithm can simulate this kind of fluency and make an educated guess about a text's language.

有一个chardet库利用这项研究来检测编码。chardet是Mozilla中自动检测代码的一个端口。

你也可以使用UnicodeDammit。它将尝试以下方法:

An encoding discovered in the document itself: for instance, in an XML declaration or (for HTML documents) an http-equiv META tag. If Beautiful Soup finds this kind of encoding within the document, it parses the document again from the beginning and gives the new encoding a try. The only exception is if you explicitly specified an encoding, and that encoding actually worked: then it will ignore any encoding it finds in the document. An encoding sniffed by looking at the first few bytes of the file. If an encoding is detected at this stage, it will be one of the UTF-* encodings, EBCDIC, or ASCII. An encoding sniffed by the chardet library, if you have it installed. UTF-8 Windows-1252

另一种计算编码的方法是使用 的代码 文件命令)。有大量的 可用的Python绑定。

文件源树中的python绑定可作为 Python-magic(或python3-magic) debian软件包。它可以通过执行以下操作来确定文件的编码:

import magic

blob = open('unknown-file', 'rb').read()
m = magic.open(magic.MAGIC_MIME_ENCODING)
m.load()
encoding = m.buffer(blob)  # "utf-8" "us-ascii" etc

在pypi上有一个名称相同但不兼容的python-magic pip包，它也使用libmagic。它也可以得到编码，通过这样做:

import magic

blob = open('unknown-file', 'rb').read()
m = magic.Magic(mime_encoding=True)
encoding = m.from_buffer(blob)

根据您的平台，我只选择使用linux shell文件命令。这适用于我，因为我使用它在一个脚本，专门运行在我们的linux机器之一。

显然，这不是一个理想的解决方案或答案，但可以根据您的需要进行修改。在我的例子中，我只需要确定一个文件是否为UTF-8。

import subprocess
file_cmd = ['file', 'test.txt']
p = subprocess.Popen(file_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
cmd_output = p.stdout.readlines()
# x will begin with the file type output as is observed using 'file' command
x = cmd_output[0].split(": ")[1]
return x.startswith('UTF-8')

编辑:chardet似乎无人维护，但大部分答案适用。请登录https://pypi.org/project/charset-normalizer/查看其他选择

始终正确地检测编码是不可能的。

(来自chardet FAQ:)

However, some encodings are optimized for specific languages, and languages are not random. Some character sequences pop up all the time, while other sequences make no sense. A person fluent in English who opens a newspaper and finds “txzqJv 2!dasd0a QqdKjvz” will instantly recognize that that isn't English (even though it is composed entirely of English letters). By studying lots of “typical” text, a computer algorithm can simulate this kind of fluency and make an educated guess about a text's language.

有一个chardet库利用这项研究来检测编码。chardet是Mozilla中自动检测代码的一个端口。

你也可以使用UnicodeDammit。它将尝试以下方法:

An encoding discovered in the document itself: for instance, in an XML declaration or (for HTML documents) an http-equiv META tag. If Beautiful Soup finds this kind of encoding within the document, it parses the document again from the beginning and gives the new encoding a try. The only exception is if you explicitly specified an encoding, and that encoding actually worked: then it will ignore any encoding it finds in the document. An encoding sniffed by looking at the first few bytes of the file. If an encoding is detected at this stage, it will be one of the UTF-* encodings, EBCDIC, or ASCII. An encoding sniffed by the chardet library, if you have it installed. UTF-8 Windows-1252

一些编码策略，请取消评论品味:

#!/bin/bash
#
tmpfile=$1
echo '-- info about file file ........'
file -i $tmpfile
enca -g $tmpfile
echo 'recoding ........'
#iconv -f iso-8859-2 -t utf-8 back_test.xml > $tmpfile
#enca -x utf-8 $tmpfile
#enca -g $tmpfile
recode CP1250..UTF-8 $tmpfile

您可能希望通过以循环的形式打开并读取文件来检查编码…但是你可能需要先检查文件大小:

# PYTHON
encodings = ['utf-8', 'windows-1250', 'windows-1252'] # add more
for e in encodings:
    try:
        fh = codecs.open('file.txt', 'r', encoding=e)
        fh.readlines()
        fh.seek(0)
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        print('got unicode error with %s , trying different encoding' % e)
    else:
        print('opening the file with encoding:  %s ' % e)
        break

使用linux file -i命令

import subprocess

file = "path/to/file/file.txt"

encoding =  subprocess.Popen("file -bi "+file, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE).stdout

encoding = re.sub(r"(\\n)[^a-z0-9\-]", "", str(encoding.read()).split("=")[1], flags=re.IGNORECASE)
    
print(encoding)