在考虑提高性能的选项时，不要忘记自定义序列化。您可以免费让Java做它擅长的事情，或者至少做得足够好，并为它做得不好的事情提供自定义支持。这通常比完全的外部化支持少得多。

对象序列化使用Serializable和Externalizable接口。 Java对象只能序列化。如果一个类或它的任何超类实现了java.io.Serializable接口或它的子接口java.io.Externalizable。大多数java类都是可序列化的。

NotSerializableException: packageName。要使类对象参与序列化过程，类必须实现Serializable或Externalizable接口。

序列化接口

对象序列化生成一个流，其中包含保存的对象的Java类信息。对于可序列化的对象，即使存在不同的(但兼容的)类实现版本，也会保留足够的信息来恢复这些对象。Serializable接口被定义为识别实现了Serializable协议的类:

package java.io;

public interface Serializable {};

The serialization interface has no methods or fields and serves only to identify the semantics of being serializable. For serializing/deserializing a class, either we can use default writeObject and readObject methods (or) we can overriding writeObject and readObject methods from a class. JVM will have complete control in serializing the object. use transient keyword to prevent the data member from being serialized. Here serializable objects is reconstructed directly from the stream without executing InvalidClassException « In deserialization process, if local class serialVersionUID value is different from the corresponding sender's class. then result's in conflict as java.io.InvalidClassException: com.github.objects.User; local class incompatible: stream classdesc serialVersionUID = 5081877, local class serialVersionUID = 50818771 The values of the non-transient and non-static fields of the class get serialized.

外部化接口

对于Externalizable对象，容器只保存对象类的标识;类必须保存并恢复内容。Externalizable接口定义如下:

package java.io;

public interface Externalizable extends Serializable
{
    public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out)
        throws IOException;

    public void readExternal(ObjectInput in)
        throws IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException;
}

The Externalizable interface has two methods, an externalizable object must implement a writeExternal and readExternal methods to save/restore the state of an object. Programmer has to take care of which objects to be serialized. As a programmer take care of Serialization So, here transient keyword will not restrict any object in Serialization process. When an Externalizable object is reconstructed, an instance is created using the public no-arg constructor, then the readExternal method called. Serializable objects are restored by reading them from an ObjectInputStream. OptionalDataException « The fields MUST BE IN THE SAME ORDER AND TYPE as we wrote them out. If there is any mismatch of type from the stream it throws OptionalDataException. @Override public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException { out.writeInt( id ); out.writeUTF( role ); out.writeObject(address); } @Override public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { this.id = in.readInt(); this.address = (Address) in.readObject(); this.role = in.readUTF(); } The instance fields of the class which written (exposed) to ObjectOutput get serialized.

示例«实现Serializable

class Role {
    String role;
}
class User extends Role implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5081877L;
    Integer id;
    Address address;

    public User() {
        System.out.println("Default Constructor get executed.");
    }
    public User( String role ) {
        this.role = role;
        System.out.println("Parametarised Constructor.");
    }
}

class Address implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5081877L;
    String country;
}

示例«实现了Externalizable

class User extends Role implements Externalizable {

    Integer id;
    Address address;
    // mandatory public no-arg constructor
    public User() {
        System.out.println("Default Constructor get executed.");
    }
    public User( String role ) {
        this.role = role;
        System.out.println("Parametarised Constructor.");
    }

    @Override
    public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
        out.writeInt( id );
        out.writeUTF( role );
        out.writeObject(address);
    }
    @Override
    public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        this.id = in.readInt();
        this.address = (Address) in.readObject();
        this.role = in.readUTF();
    }
}

例子

public class CustomClass_Serialization {
    static String serFilename = "D:/serializable_CustomClass.ser";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Address add = new Address();
        add.country = "IND";

        User obj = new User("SE");
        obj.id = 7;
        obj.address = add;

        // Serialization
        objects_serialize(obj, serFilename);
        objects_deserialize(obj, serFilename);

        // Externalization
        objects_WriteRead_External(obj, serFilename);
    }

    public static void objects_serialize( User obj, String serFilename ) throws IOException{
        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream( new File( serFilename ) );
        ObjectOutputStream objectOut = new ObjectOutputStream( fos );

        // java.io.NotSerializableException: com.github.objects.Address
        objectOut.writeObject( obj );
        objectOut.flush();
        objectOut.close();
        fos.close();

        System.out.println("Data Stored in to a file");
    }
    public static void objects_deserialize( User obj, String serFilename ) throws IOException{
        try {
            FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream( new File( serFilename ) );
            ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream( fis );
            Object readObject;
            readObject = ois.readObject();
            String calssName = readObject.getClass().getName();
            System.out.println("Restoring Class Name : "+ calssName); // InvalidClassException

            User user = (User) readObject;
            System.out.format("Obj[Id:%d, Role:%s] \n", user.id, user.role);

            Address add = (Address) user.address;
            System.out.println("Inner Obj : "+ add.country );
            ois.close();
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void objects_WriteRead_External( User obj, String serFilename ) throws IOException {
        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File( serFilename ));
        ObjectOutputStream objectOut = new ObjectOutputStream( fos );

        obj.writeExternal( objectOut );
        objectOut.flush();

        fos.close();

        System.out.println("Data Stored in to a file");

        try {
            // create a new instance and read the assign the contents from stream.
            User user = new User();

            FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File( serFilename ));
            ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream( fis );

            user.readExternal(ois);

            System.out.format("Obj[Id:%d, Role:%s] \n", user.id, user.role);

            Address add = (Address) user.address;
            System.out.println("Inner Obj : "+ add.country );
            ois.close();
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

@see

什么是对象序列化 对象序列化:常见问题

一些差异:

For Serialization there is no need of default constructor of that class because Object because JVM construct the same with help of Reflection API. In case of Externalization contructor with no arg is required, because the control is in hand of programmar and later on assign the deserialized data to object via setters. In serialization if user want to skip certain properties to be serialized then has to mark that properties as transient, vice versa is not required for Externalization. When backward compatiblity support is expected for any class then it is recommended to go with Externalizable. Serialization supports defaultObject persisting and if object structure is broken then it will cause issue while deserializing.

Serializable和Externalizable之间的主要区别

Marker interface: Serializable is marker interface without any methods. Externalizable interface contains two methods: writeExternal() and readExternal(). Serialization process: Default Serialization process will be kicked-in for classes implementing Serializable interface. Programmer defined Serialization process will be kicked-in for classes implementing Externalizable interface. Maintenance: Incompatible changes may break serialisation. Backward Compatibility and Control: If you have to support multiple versions, you can have full control with Externalizable interface. You can support different versions of your object. If you implement Externalizable, it's your responsibility to serialize super class public No-arg constructor: Serializable uses reflection to construct object and does not require no arg constructor. But Externalizable demands public no-arg constructor.

更多细节请参考Hitesh Garg的博客。

序列化使用某些默认行为来存储对象并稍后重新创建对象。您可以指定以何种顺序或如何处理引用和复杂的数据结构，但最终还是要为每个基本数据字段使用默认行为。

在极少数情况下使用外部化，您确实希望以完全不同的方式存储和重新构建对象，并且不使用数据字段的默认序列化机制。例如，假设您有自己独特的编码和压缩方案。

在考虑提高性能的选项时，不要忘记自定义序列化。您可以免费让Java做它擅长的事情，或者至少做得足够好，并为它做得不好的事情提供自定义支持。这通常比完全的外部化支持少得多。