我想用Python编写一个函数,根据输入索引的值返回不同的固定值。

在其他语言中,我会使用switch或case语句,但Python似乎没有switch语句。在此场景中,推荐的Python解决方案是什么?


当前回答

您可以使用分派的dict:

#!/usr/bin/env python


def case1():
    print("This is case 1")

def case2():
    print("This is case 2")

def case3():
    print("This is case 3")


token_dict = {
    "case1" : case1,
    "case2" : case2,
    "case3" : case3,
}


def main():
    cases = ("case1", "case3", "case2", "case1")
    for case in cases:
        token_dict[case]()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

输出:

This is case 1
This is case 3
This is case 2
This is case 1

其他回答

我从Twisted Python代码中学到了一种模式。

class SMTP:
    def lookupMethod(self, command):
        return getattr(self, 'do_' + command.upper(), None)
    def do_HELO(self, rest):
        return 'Howdy ' + rest
    def do_QUIT(self, rest):
        return 'Bye'

SMTP().lookupMethod('HELO')('foo.bar.com') # => 'Howdy foo.bar.com'
SMTP().lookupMethod('QUIT')('') # => 'Bye'

您可以在需要调度令牌和执行扩展代码段的任何时候使用它。在状态机中,您将有state_方法,并在self.state上分派。通过从基类继承并定义自己的do_方法,可以清晰地扩展此开关。通常,基类中甚至没有do_方法。

编辑:具体是如何使用的

如果是SMTP,您将收到来自网络的HELO。相关代码(来自twisted/mail/smtp.py,根据我们的情况进行了修改)如下

class SMTP:
    # ...

    def do_UNKNOWN(self, rest):
        raise NotImplementedError, 'received unknown command'

    def state_COMMAND(self, line):
        line = line.strip()
        parts = line.split(None, 1)
        if parts:
            method = self.lookupMethod(parts[0]) or self.do_UNKNOWN
            if len(parts) == 2:
                return method(parts[1])
            else:
                return method('')
        else:
            raise SyntaxError, 'bad syntax'

SMTP().state_COMMAND('   HELO   foo.bar.com  ') # => Howdy foo.bar.com

您将收到“HELO foo.bar.com”(或者您可能会收到“QUIT”或“RCPT TO:foo”)。这被标记为['HELO','foo.bar.com']。实际的方法查找名称取自部件[0]。

(原始方法也称为state_COMMAND,因为它使用相同的模式来实现状态机,即getattr(self,'state_'+self.mode))

虽然已经有了足够的答案,但我想指出一个更简单、更强大的解决方案:

class Switch:
    def __init__(self, switches):
        self.switches = switches
        self.between = len(switches[0]) == 3

    def __call__(self, x):
        for line in self.switches:
            if self.between:
                if line[0] <= x < line[1]:
                    return line[2]
            else:
                if line[0] == x:
                    return line[1]
        return None


if __name__ == '__main__':
    between_table = [
        (1, 4, 'between 1 and 4'),
        (4, 8, 'between 4 and 8')
    ]

    switch_between = Switch(between_table)

    print('Switch Between:')
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_between(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_between(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))


    equals_table = [
        (1, 'One'),
        (2, 'Two'),
        (4, 'Four'),
        (5, 'Five'),
        (7, 'Seven'),
        (8, 'Eight')
    ]
    print('Switch Equals:')
    switch_equals = Switch(equals_table)
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_equals(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_equals(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))

输出:

Switch Between:
No match for 0
1 is between 1 and 4
2 is between 1 and 4
3 is between 1 and 4
4 is between 4 and 8
5 is between 4 and 8
6 is between 4 and 8
7 is between 4 and 8
No match for 8
No match for 9

Switch Equals:
No match for 0
1 is One
2 is Two
No match for 3
4 is Four
5 is Five
No match for 6
7 is Seven
8 is Eight
No match for 9
class switch(object):
    value = None
    def __new__(class_, value):
        class_.value = value
        return True

def case(*args):
    return any((arg == switch.value for arg in args))

用法:

while switch(n):
    if case(0):
        print "You typed zero."
        break
    if case(1, 4, 9):
        print "n is a perfect square."
        break
    if case(2):
        print "n is an even number."
    if case(2, 3, 5, 7):
        print "n is a prime number."
        break
    if case(6, 8):
        print "n is an even number."
        break
    print "Only single-digit numbers are allowed."
    break

测验:

n = 2
#Result:
#n is an even number.
#n is a prime number.
n = 11
#Result:
#Only single-digit numbers are allowed.
# simple case alternative

some_value = 5.0

# this while loop block simulates a case block

# case
while True:

    # case 1
    if some_value > 5:
        print ('Greater than five')
        break

    # case 2
    if some_value == 5:
        print ('Equal to five')
        break

    # else case 3
    print ( 'Must be less than 5')
    break

还有另一种选择:

def fnc_MonthSwitch(int_Month): #### Define a function take in the month variable 
    str_Return ="Not Found"     #### Set Default Value 
    if int_Month==1:       str_Return = "Jan"   
    if int_Month==2:       str_Return = "Feb"   
    if int_Month==3:       str_Return = "Mar"   
    return str_Return;          #### Return the month found  
print ("Month Test 3:  " + fnc_MonthSwitch( 3) )
print ("Month Test 14: " + fnc_MonthSwitch(14) )