我认为你需要知道__proto__， [[prototype]]和prototype之间的区别。

公认的答案是有帮助的，但它可能暗示(不完全)__proto__只与在构造函数上使用new创建的对象相关，这是不正确的。

更准确地说:__proto__存在于每个对象上。

But what is __proto__ at all? Well, it is an object referencing another object which is also a property of all objects, called [[prototype]]. It's worth mentioning that [[prototype]] is something that JavaScript handles internally and is inaccessible to the developer. Why would we need a reference object to the property [[prototype]] (of all objects)? Because JavaScript doesn't want to allow getting / setting the [[prototype]] directly, so it allows it through a middle layer which is __proto__. So you can think of __proto__ as a getter/setter of the [[prototype]] property. What is prototype then? It is something specific to functions(Initially defined in Function, i.e, Function.prototype and then prototypically inherited by newly created functions, and then again those functions give it to their children, forming a chain of prototypical inheritance). JavaScript uses a parent function's prototype to set its child functions' [[prototype]] when that parent function is run with new (remember we said all objects have [[prototype]]? well, functions are objects too, so they have [[prototype]] as well). So when the [[prototype]] of a function(child) is set to the prototype of another function(parent), you will have this in the end: let child = new Parent(); child.__proto__ === Parent.prototype // --> true. (Remember child.[[prototype]] is inaccessible, so we checked it using __proto__.)

注意1:只要属性不在子对象中，它的__proto__将被“隐式”搜索。例如，if child。Myprop返回一个值，你不能说" Myprop "是子对象的属性，还是父对象原型的属性。这也意味着你永远不需要做这样的事情:child.__proto__.__proto__。我的东西你自己拿去吧，孩子。Myprop会自动为你做这件事。

注意2:即使父对象的原型中有项目，子对象自己的原型最初也是一个空对象。如果您想进一步扩展继承链(将child[ren]添加到child)，则可以向其中添加项或手动从其中删除项。或者可以隐式地操纵它，例如使用类语法。)

注意3:如果你需要自己设置/获取[[prototype]]，使用__proto__有点过时，现代JavaScript建议使用Object。setPrototypeOf和Object。getPrototypeOf代替。

让我用一个简单的例子来解释:

function User(email, name){
    this.email = email;
    this.name = name;
    this.online = false;
    // method directly added to the constructor
    this.greet = ()=>{
        console.log(`Hi ${this.name}`);
    }
}
// Adding prototype method login to the constructor function. 
User.prototype.login = function(){
    this.online = true;
    console.log(this.email, 'has logged in');
};
// Adding prototype method logout to the constructor function.
User.prototype.logout = function(){
    this.online = false;
    console.log(this.email, 'has logged out');
};
 
var userOne = new User('ryu@ninjas.com', 'Ryu');
var userTwo = new User('yoshi@mariokorp.com', 'Yoshi');
 
console.log(userOne);
userTwo.login();
userTwo.greet();

输出:

结论:

在构造函数中添加的属性和方法是 直接添加到对象中。 添加的属性和方法 .prototype。被添加到对象的__proto__属性中。我们甚至可以看到userOne。__proto__或userTwo.__proto__

原型或对象。原型是一个对象文字的属性。它表示Object原型对象，您可以覆盖它以沿着原型链进一步添加更多属性或方法。

__proto__是一个访问器属性(get和set函数)，它公开对象的内部原型，通过它访问对象。

引用:

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/prototype http://www.w3schools.com/js/js_object_prototypes.asp https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/proto

除了以上这些精彩的答案外，我还想说得更清楚一点:

function Person(name){
    this.name = name
 }; 

var eve = new Person("Eve");

eve.__proto__ == Person.prototype //true

eve.prototype  //undefined

实例有__proto__，类有prototype。

我认为你需要知道__proto__， [[prototype]]和prototype之间的区别。

公认的答案是有帮助的，但它可能暗示(不完全)__proto__只与在构造函数上使用new创建的对象相关，这是不正确的。

更准确地说:__proto__存在于每个对象上。

But what is __proto__ at all? Well, it is an object referencing another object which is also a property of all objects, called [[prototype]]. It's worth mentioning that [[prototype]] is something that JavaScript handles internally and is inaccessible to the developer. Why would we need a reference object to the property [[prototype]] (of all objects)? Because JavaScript doesn't want to allow getting / setting the [[prototype]] directly, so it allows it through a middle layer which is __proto__. So you can think of __proto__ as a getter/setter of the [[prototype]] property. What is prototype then? It is something specific to functions(Initially defined in Function, i.e, Function.prototype and then prototypically inherited by newly created functions, and then again those functions give it to their children, forming a chain of prototypical inheritance). JavaScript uses a parent function's prototype to set its child functions' [[prototype]] when that parent function is run with new (remember we said all objects have [[prototype]]? well, functions are objects too, so they have [[prototype]] as well). So when the [[prototype]] of a function(child) is set to the prototype of another function(parent), you will have this in the end: let child = new Parent(); child.__proto__ === Parent.prototype // --> true. (Remember child.[[prototype]] is inaccessible, so we checked it using __proto__.)

注意1:只要属性不在子对象中，它的__proto__将被“隐式”搜索。例如，if child。Myprop返回一个值，你不能说" Myprop "是子对象的属性，还是父对象原型的属性。这也意味着你永远不需要做这样的事情:child.__proto__.__proto__。我的东西你自己拿去吧，孩子。Myprop会自动为你做这件事。

注意2:即使父对象的原型中有项目，子对象自己的原型最初也是一个空对象。如果您想进一步扩展继承链(将child[ren]添加到child)，则可以向其中添加项或手动从其中删除项。或者可以隐式地操纵它，例如使用类语法。)

注意3:如果你需要自己设置/获取[[prototype]]，使用__proto__有点过时，现代JavaScript建议使用Object。setPrototypeOf和Object。getPrototypeOf代替。

我为自己画了一个小图，代表以下代码片段:

var Cat = function() {}
var tom = new Cat()

我有经典的OO背景，所以用这种方式表示层次结构很有帮助。为了帮助您阅读此图表，请将图像中的矩形视为JavaScript对象。是的，函数也是对象。；）

JavaScript中的对象有属性，__proto__只是其中之一。

此属性背后的思想是指向(继承)层次结构中的祖先对象。

JavaScript的根对象是object。Prototype和所有其他对象都是这个对象的后代。根对象的__proto__属性为null，表示继承链的结束。

你会注意到原型是函数的属性。Cat是一个函数，但function和Object也是(本机)函数。Tom不是一个函数，因此它没有这个属性。

此属性背后的思想是指向一个将在构造中使用的对象，即当您在该函数上调用new操作符时。

注意，原型对象(黄色矩形)有另一个属性称为 构造函数，它指向各自的函数对象。为 简短的原因，这是没有描述。

实际上，当我们用new Cat()创建tom对象时，所创建的对象的__proto__属性将被设置为构造函数的原型对象。

最后，让我们稍微研究一下这个图表。以下陈述是正确的:

汤姆。__proto__属性指向与Cat.prototype相同的对象。 猫。__proto__指向函数。原型对象，就像函数一样。__proto__和Object。__proto__做。 Cat.prototype。__proto__和tom.__proto__。__proto__指向相同的对象，即object .prototype。

干杯!