例子:
absolute="/foo/bar"
current="/foo/baz/foo"
# Magic
relative="../../bar"
我如何创造魔法(希望不是太复杂的代码…)?
当前回答
Python的os.path.relpath作为shell函数
这个relpath练习的目标是模仿xni提出的Python 2.7的os.path.relpath函数(从Python 2.6版可用，但只能在2.7中正常工作)。因此，一些结果可能与其他答案中提供的函数不同。
(我没有在路径中测试换行符，因为它破坏了基于从ZSH调用python -c的验证。经过一些努力，这当然是可能的。)
关于Bash中的“魔法”，我很久以前就放弃了在Bash中寻找魔法，但我已经在ZSH中找到了我需要的所有魔法，然后是一些。
因此，我提出了两种实现。
第一个实现的目标是完全兼容posix。我已经在Debian 6.0.6的“挤压”上用/bin/dash测试了它。它还可以在OS X 10.8.3上完美地与/bin/sh一起工作，这实际上是伪装成POSIX shell的Bash版本3.2。
第二个实现是一个ZSH shell函数，它对路径中的多个斜杠和其他麻烦具有健壮性。如果您有可用的ZSH，这是推荐的版本，即使您是在下面给出的脚本形式中调用它(即使用#!/usr/bin/env zsh)。
最后，我编写了一个ZSH脚本，根据其他答案中提供的测试用例，验证$PATH中relpath命令的输出。我通过添加一些空格、制表符和标点符号，例如!？ *在这里和那里，还抛出了另一个测试与vim-powerline中发现的奇异UTF-8字符。
POSIX外壳函数
首先，posix兼容的shell函数。它适用于各种路径，但不清除多个斜杠或解析符号链接。
#!/bin/sh
relpath () {
[ $# -ge 1 ] && [ $# -le 2 ] || return 1
current="${2:+"$1"}"
target="${2:-"$1"}"
[ "$target" != . ] || target=/
target="/${target##/}"
[ "$current" != . ] || current=/
current="${current:="/"}"
current="/${current##/}"
appendix="${target##/}"
relative=''
while appendix="${target#"$current"/}"
[ "$current" != '/' ] && [ "$appendix" = "$target" ]; do
if [ "$current" = "$appendix" ]; then
relative="${relative:-.}"
echo "${relative#/}"
return 0
fi
current="${current%/*}"
relative="$relative${relative:+/}.."
done
relative="$relative${relative:+${appendix:+/}}${appendix#/}"
echo "$relative"
}
relpath "$@"
ZSH壳函数
现在是更加健壮的zsh版本。如果您希望它将参数解析为真实路径à la realpath -f(在Linux coreutils包中可用)，请将第3行和第4行上的:a替换为:a。
要在zsh中使用它，请删除第一行和最后一行，并将其放在$FPATH变量中的目录中。
#!/usr/bin/env zsh
relpath () {
[[ $# -ge 1 ]] && [[ $# -le 2 ]] || return 1
local target=${${2:-$1}:a} # replace `:a' by `:A` to resolve symlinks
local current=${${${2:+$1}:-$PWD}:a} # replace `:a' by `:A` to resolve symlinks
local appendix=${target#/}
local relative=''
while appendix=${target#$current/}
[[ $current != '/' ]] && [[ $appendix = $target ]]; do
if [[ $current = $appendix ]]; then
relative=${relative:-.}
print ${relative#/}
return 0
fi
current=${current%/*}
relative="$relative${relative:+/}.."
done
relative+=${relative:+${appendix:+/}}${appendix#/}
print $relative
}
relpath "$@"
测试脚本
最后是测试脚本。它接受一个选项，即-v来启用详细输出。
#!/usr/bin/env zsh
set -eu
VERBOSE=false
script_name=$(basename $0)
usage () {
print "\n Usage: $script_name SRC_PATH DESTINATION_PATH\n" >&2
exit ${1:=1}
}
vrb () { $VERBOSE && print -P ${(%)@} || return 0; }
relpath_check () {
[[ $# -ge 1 ]] && [[ $# -le 2 ]] || return 1
target=${${2:-$1}}
prefix=${${${2:+$1}:-$PWD}}
result=$(relpath $prefix $target)
# Compare with python's os.path.relpath function
py_result=$(python -c "import os.path; print os.path.relpath('$target', '$prefix')")
col='%F{green}'
if [[ $result != $py_result ]] && col='%F{red}' || $VERBOSE; then
print -P "${col}Source: '$prefix'\nDestination: '$target'%f"
print -P "${col}relpath: ${(qq)result}%f"
print -P "${col}python: ${(qq)py_result}%f\n"
fi
}
run_checks () {
print "Running checks..."
relpath_check '/ a b/å/⮀*/!' '/ a b/å/⮀/xäå/?'
relpath_check '/' '/A'
relpath_check '/A' '/'
relpath_check '/ & / !/*/\\/E' '/'
relpath_check '/' '/ & / !/*/\\/E'
relpath_check '/ & / !/*/\\/E' '/ & / !/?/\\/E/F'
relpath_check '/X/Y' '/ & / !/C/\\/E/F'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/A'
relpath_check '/A / !/C' '/A /B'
relpath_check '/Â/ !/C' '/Â/ !/C'
relpath_check '/ & /B / C' '/ & /B / C/D'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/ & / !/C/\\/Ê'
relpath_check '/Å/ !/C' '/Å/ !/D'
relpath_check '/.A /*B/C' '/.A /*B/\\/E'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/ & /D'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/ & /\\/E'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/\\/E/F'
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part3
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part4/part5
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part6/part7
relpath_check /home/part1 /work/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check /home /work/part2/part3
relpath_check / /work/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part2
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1/part2
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part4/part5
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part6/part7
relpath_check home/part1 work/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check home work/part2/part3
relpath_check . work/part2/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part2
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home
relpath_check home/part1/part2 .
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1/part2
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1/part2/part3/part4
print "Done with checks."
}
if [[ $# -gt 0 ]] && [[ $1 = "-v" ]]; then
VERBOSE=true
shift
fi
if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
run_checks
else
VERBOSE=true
relpath_check "$@"
fi
其他回答
我需要这样的东西，但它也解决了符号链接。我发现pwd有一个-P标志用于此目的。附加了我的脚本的一个片段。它在shell脚本的函数中，因此是$1和$2。结果值是从START_ABS到END_ABS的相对路径，位于UPDIRS变量中。为了执行pwd -P，将脚本cd放入每个参数目录，这也意味着将处理相对路径参数。干杯,吉姆
SAVE_DIR="$PWD"
cd "$1"
START_ABS=`pwd -P`
cd "$SAVE_DIR"
cd "$2"
END_ABS=`pwd -P`
START_WORK="$START_ABS"
UPDIRS=""
while test -n "${START_WORK}" -a "${END_ABS/#${START_WORK}}" '==' "$END_ABS";
do
START_WORK=`dirname "$START_WORK"`"/"
UPDIRS=${UPDIRS}"../"
done
UPDIRS="$UPDIRS${END_ABS/#${START_WORK}}"
cd "$SAVE_DIR"
$ python -c "import os.path; print os.path.relpath('/foo/bar', '/foo/baz/foo')"
给:
../../bar
这里的答案并不是每天都能用的。由于在纯bash中很难正确地做到这一点，我建议以下可靠的解决方案(类似于注释中的一个建议):
function relpath() {
python -c "import os,sys;print(os.path.relpath(*(sys.argv[1:])))" "$@";
}
然后，你可以得到基于当前目录的相对路径:
echo $(relpath somepath)
或者你可以指定路径相对于给定的目录:
echo $(relpath somepath /etc) # relative to /etc
一个缺点是这需要python，但是:
它在任何python >= 2.6中工作相同 它不要求文件或目录存在。 文件名可以包含更广泛的特殊字符。 例如，如果文件名包含 空格或其他特殊字符。 它是一个单行函数，不会使脚本混乱。
注意，包含basename或dirname的解决方案不一定更好，因为它们要求安装coreutils。如果有人有可靠而简单的纯bash解决方案(而不是令人费解的好奇心)，我会感到惊讶。
我把你的问题作为一个挑战，用“可移植的”shell代码来编写它，即。
考虑到POSIX外壳 没有数组之类的bashisms 避免像打瘟疫一样打外部电话。脚本中没有一个分叉!这使得它非常快，特别是在有显著分叉开销的系统上，比如cygwin。 必须处理路径名中的glob字符(*，?，[，])
它运行在任何POSIX兼容shell (zsh, bash, ksh, ash, busybox，…)上。它甚至包含一个测试套件来验证其操作。路径名的规范化留作练习。: -)
#!/bin/sh
# Find common parent directory path for a pair of paths.
# Call with two pathnames as args, e.g.
# commondirpart foo/bar foo/baz/bat -> result="foo/"
# The result is either empty or ends with "/".
commondirpart () {
result=""
while test ${#1} -gt 0 -a ${#2} -gt 0; do
if test "${1%${1#?}}" != "${2%${2#?}}"; then # First characters the same?
break # No, we're done comparing.
fi
result="$result${1%${1#?}}" # Yes, append to result.
set -- "${1#?}" "${2#?}" # Chop first char off both strings.
done
case "$result" in
(""|*/) ;;
(*) result="${result%/*}/";;
esac
}
# Turn foo/bar/baz into ../../..
#
dir2dotdot () {
OLDIFS="$IFS" IFS="/" result=""
for dir in $1; do
result="$result../"
done
result="${result%/}"
IFS="$OLDIFS"
}
# Call with FROM TO args.
relativepath () {
case "$1" in
(*//*|*/./*|*/../*|*?/|*/.|*/..)
printf '%s\n' "'$1' not canonical"; exit 1;;
(/*)
from="${1#?}";;
(*)
printf '%s\n' "'$1' not absolute"; exit 1;;
esac
case "$2" in
(*//*|*/./*|*/../*|*?/|*/.|*/..)
printf '%s\n' "'$2' not canonical"; exit 1;;
(/*)
to="${2#?}";;
(*)
printf '%s\n' "'$2' not absolute"; exit 1;;
esac
case "$to" in
("$from") # Identical directories.
result=".";;
("$from"/*) # From /x to /x/foo/bar -> foo/bar
result="${to##$from/}";;
("") # From /foo/bar to / -> ../..
dir2dotdot "$from";;
(*)
case "$from" in
("$to"/*) # From /x/foo/bar to /x -> ../..
dir2dotdot "${from##$to/}";;
(*) # Everything else.
commondirpart "$from" "$to"
common="$result"
dir2dotdot "${from#$common}"
result="$result/${to#$common}"
esac
;;
esac
}
set -f # noglob
set -x
cat <<EOF |
/ / .
/- /- .
/? /? .
/?? /?? .
/??? /??? .
/?* /?* .
/* /* .
/* /** ../**
/* /*** ../***
/*.* /*.** ../*.**
/*.??? /*.?? ../*.??
/[] /[] .
/[a-z]* /[0-9]* ../[0-9]*
/foo /foo .
/foo / ..
/foo/bar / ../..
/foo/bar /foo ..
/foo/bar /foo/baz ../baz
/foo/bar /bar/foo ../../bar/foo
/foo/bar/baz /gnarf/blurfl/blubb ../../../gnarf/blurfl/blubb
/foo/bar/baz /gnarf ../../../gnarf
/foo/bar/baz /foo/baz ../../baz
/foo. /bar. ../bar.
EOF
while read FROM TO VIA; do
relativepath "$FROM" "$TO"
printf '%s\n' "FROM: $FROM" "TO: $TO" "VIA: $result"
if test "$result" != "$VIA"; then
printf '%s\n' "OOOPS! Expected '$VIA' but got '$result'"
fi
done
# vi: set tabstop=3 shiftwidth=3 expandtab fileformat=unix :
我猜这个也可以…(自带内置测试):)
好吧，预计会有一些开销，但我们在这里做的是伯恩壳!；）
#!/bin/sh
#
# Finding the relative path to a certain file ($2), given the absolute path ($1)
# (available here too http://pastebin.com/tWWqA8aB)
#
relpath () {
local FROM="$1"
local TO="`dirname $2`"
local FILE="`basename $2`"
local DEBUG="$3"
local FROMREL=""
local FROMUP="$FROM"
while [ "$FROMUP" != "/" ]; do
local TOUP="$TO"
local TOREL=""
while [ "$TOUP" != "/" ]; do
[ -z "$DEBUG" ] || echo 1>&2 "$DEBUG$FROMUP =?= $TOUP"
if [ "$FROMUP" = "$TOUP" ]; then
echo "${FROMREL:-.}/$TOREL${TOREL:+/}$FILE"
return 0
fi
TOREL="`basename $TOUP`${TOREL:+/}$TOREL"
TOUP="`dirname $TOUP`"
done
FROMREL="..${FROMREL:+/}$FROMREL"
FROMUP="`dirname $FROMUP`"
done
echo "${FROMREL:-.}${TOREL:+/}$TOREL/$FILE"
return 0
}
relpathshow () {
echo " - target $2"
echo " from $1"
echo " ------"
echo " => `relpath $1 $2 ' '`"
echo ""
}
# If given 2 arguments, do as said...
if [ -n "$2" ]; then
relpath $1 $2
# If only one given, then assume current directory
elif [ -n "$1" ]; then
relpath `pwd` $1
# Otherwise perform a set of built-in tests to confirm the validity of the method! ;)
else
relpathshow /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/emacs-goodies-el \
/usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/emacs-goodies-el/filladapt.el
relpathshow /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/emacs-goodies-el \
/usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/emacs-goodies-el/filladapt.el
relpathshow /usr/bin \
/usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/emacs-goodies-el/filladapt.el
relpathshow /usr/bin \
/usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/emacs-goodies-el/filladapt.el
relpathshow /usr/bin/share/emacs22/site-lisp/emacs-goodies-el \
/etc/motd
relpathshow / \
/initrd.img
fi
