例子:
absolute="/foo/bar"
current="/foo/baz/foo"
# Magic
relative="../../bar"
我如何创造魔法(希望不是太复杂的代码…)?
当前回答
使用GNU coreutils 8.23中的realpath是最简单的，我认为:
$ realpath --relative-to="$file1" "$file2"
例如:
$ realpath --relative-to=/usr/bin/nmap /tmp/testing
../../../tmp/testing
其他回答
#!/bin/bash
# both $1 and $2 are absolute paths
# returns $2 relative to $1
source=$1
target=$2
common_part=$source
back=
while [ "${target#$common_part}" = "${target}" ]; do
common_part=$(dirname $common_part)
back="../${back}"
done
echo ${back}${target#$common_part/}
Python的os.path.relpath作为shell函数
这个relpath练习的目标是模仿xni提出的Python 2.7的os.path.relpath函数(从Python 2.6版可用，但只能在2.7中正常工作)。因此，一些结果可能与其他答案中提供的函数不同。
(我没有在路径中测试换行符，因为它破坏了基于从ZSH调用python -c的验证。经过一些努力，这当然是可能的。)
关于Bash中的“魔法”，我很久以前就放弃了在Bash中寻找魔法，但我已经在ZSH中找到了我需要的所有魔法，然后是一些。
因此，我提出了两种实现。
第一个实现的目标是完全兼容posix。我已经在Debian 6.0.6的“挤压”上用/bin/dash测试了它。它还可以在OS X 10.8.3上完美地与/bin/sh一起工作，这实际上是伪装成POSIX shell的Bash版本3.2。
第二个实现是一个ZSH shell函数，它对路径中的多个斜杠和其他麻烦具有健壮性。如果您有可用的ZSH，这是推荐的版本，即使您是在下面给出的脚本形式中调用它(即使用#!/usr/bin/env zsh)。
最后，我编写了一个ZSH脚本，根据其他答案中提供的测试用例，验证$PATH中relpath命令的输出。我通过添加一些空格、制表符和标点符号，例如!？ *在这里和那里，还抛出了另一个测试与vim-powerline中发现的奇异UTF-8字符。
POSIX外壳函数
首先，posix兼容的shell函数。它适用于各种路径，但不清除多个斜杠或解析符号链接。
#!/bin/sh
relpath () {
[ $# -ge 1 ] && [ $# -le 2 ] || return 1
current="${2:+"$1"}"
target="${2:-"$1"}"
[ "$target" != . ] || target=/
target="/${target##/}"
[ "$current" != . ] || current=/
current="${current:="/"}"
current="/${current##/}"
appendix="${target##/}"
relative=''
while appendix="${target#"$current"/}"
[ "$current" != '/' ] && [ "$appendix" = "$target" ]; do
if [ "$current" = "$appendix" ]; then
relative="${relative:-.}"
echo "${relative#/}"
return 0
fi
current="${current%/*}"
relative="$relative${relative:+/}.."
done
relative="$relative${relative:+${appendix:+/}}${appendix#/}"
echo "$relative"
}
relpath "$@"
ZSH壳函数
现在是更加健壮的zsh版本。如果您希望它将参数解析为真实路径à la realpath -f(在Linux coreutils包中可用)，请将第3行和第4行上的:a替换为:a。
要在zsh中使用它，请删除第一行和最后一行，并将其放在$FPATH变量中的目录中。
#!/usr/bin/env zsh
relpath () {
[[ $# -ge 1 ]] && [[ $# -le 2 ]] || return 1
local target=${${2:-$1}:a} # replace `:a' by `:A` to resolve symlinks
local current=${${${2:+$1}:-$PWD}:a} # replace `:a' by `:A` to resolve symlinks
local appendix=${target#/}
local relative=''
while appendix=${target#$current/}
[[ $current != '/' ]] && [[ $appendix = $target ]]; do
if [[ $current = $appendix ]]; then
relative=${relative:-.}
print ${relative#/}
return 0
fi
current=${current%/*}
relative="$relative${relative:+/}.."
done
relative+=${relative:+${appendix:+/}}${appendix#/}
print $relative
}
relpath "$@"
测试脚本
最后是测试脚本。它接受一个选项，即-v来启用详细输出。
#!/usr/bin/env zsh
set -eu
VERBOSE=false
script_name=$(basename $0)
usage () {
print "\n Usage: $script_name SRC_PATH DESTINATION_PATH\n" >&2
exit ${1:=1}
}
vrb () { $VERBOSE && print -P ${(%)@} || return 0; }
relpath_check () {
[[ $# -ge 1 ]] && [[ $# -le 2 ]] || return 1
target=${${2:-$1}}
prefix=${${${2:+$1}:-$PWD}}
result=$(relpath $prefix $target)
# Compare with python's os.path.relpath function
py_result=$(python -c "import os.path; print os.path.relpath('$target', '$prefix')")
col='%F{green}'
if [[ $result != $py_result ]] && col='%F{red}' || $VERBOSE; then
print -P "${col}Source: '$prefix'\nDestination: '$target'%f"
print -P "${col}relpath: ${(qq)result}%f"
print -P "${col}python: ${(qq)py_result}%f\n"
fi
}
run_checks () {
print "Running checks..."
relpath_check '/ a b/å/⮀*/!' '/ a b/å/⮀/xäå/?'
relpath_check '/' '/A'
relpath_check '/A' '/'
relpath_check '/ & / !/*/\\/E' '/'
relpath_check '/' '/ & / !/*/\\/E'
relpath_check '/ & / !/*/\\/E' '/ & / !/?/\\/E/F'
relpath_check '/X/Y' '/ & / !/C/\\/E/F'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/A'
relpath_check '/A / !/C' '/A /B'
relpath_check '/Â/ !/C' '/Â/ !/C'
relpath_check '/ & /B / C' '/ & /B / C/D'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/ & / !/C/\\/Ê'
relpath_check '/Å/ !/C' '/Å/ !/D'
relpath_check '/.A /*B/C' '/.A /*B/\\/E'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/ & /D'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/ & /\\/E'
relpath_check '/ & / !/C' '/\\/E/F'
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part3
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part4/part5
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part6/part7
relpath_check /home/part1 /work/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check /home /work/part2/part3
relpath_check / /work/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1/part2
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home/part1
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /home
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1/part2
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check /home/part1/part2 /work/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part4/part5
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part6/part7
relpath_check home/part1 work/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check home work/part2/part3
relpath_check . work/part2/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part2/part3/part4
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1/part2
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home/part1
relpath_check home/part1/part2 home
relpath_check home/part1/part2 .
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1/part2
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1/part2/part3
relpath_check home/part1/part2 work/part1/part2/part3/part4
print "Done with checks."
}
if [[ $# -gt 0 ]] && [[ $1 = "-v" ]]; then
VERBOSE=true
shift
fi
if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
run_checks
else
VERBOSE=true
relpath_check "$@"
fi
这个答案并没有解决问题的Bash部分，但是因为我试图使用这个问题中的答案在Emacs中实现这个功能，所以我就把它扔到那里。
Emacs实际上有一个开箱即用的函数:
ELISP> (file-relative-name "/a/b/c" "/a/b/c")
"."
ELISP> (file-relative-name "/a/b/c" "/a/b")
"c"
ELISP> (file-relative-name "/a/b/c" "/c/b")
"../../a/b/c"
test.sh:
#!/bin/bash
cd /home/ubuntu
touch blah
TEST=/home/ubuntu/.//blah
echo TEST=$TEST
TMP=$(readlink -e "$TEST")
echo TMP=$TMP
REL=${TMP#$(pwd)/}
echo REL=$REL
测试:
$ ./test.sh
TEST=/home/ubuntu/.//blah
TMP=/home/ubuntu/blah
REL=blah
这个脚本只对路径名有效。它不需要任何文件存在。如果传递的路径不是绝对的，那么行为就有点不寻常，但是如果两条路径都是相对的，那么应该能正常工作。
我只在OS X上测试过，所以可能不太便携。
#!/bin/bash
set -e
declare SCRIPT_NAME="$(basename $0)"
function usage {
echo "Usage: $SCRIPT_NAME <base path> <target file>"
echo " Outputs <target file> relative to <base path>"
exit 1
}
if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then usage; fi
declare base=$1
declare target=$2
declare -a base_part=()
declare -a target_part=()
#Split path elements & canonicalize
OFS="$IFS"; IFS='/'
bpl=0;
for bp in $base; do
case "$bp" in
".");;
"..") let "bpl=$bpl-1" ;;
*) base_part[${bpl}]="$bp" ; let "bpl=$bpl+1";;
esac
done
tpl=0;
for tp in $target; do
case "$tp" in
".");;
"..") let "tpl=$tpl-1" ;;
*) target_part[${tpl}]="$tp" ; let "tpl=$tpl+1";;
esac
done
IFS="$OFS"
#Count common prefix
common=0
for (( i=0 ; i<$bpl ; i++ )); do
if [ "${base_part[$i]}" = "${target_part[$common]}" ] ; then
let "common=$common+1"
else
break
fi
done
#Compute number of directories up
let "updir=$bpl-$common" || updir=0 #if the expression is zero, 'let' fails
#trivial case (after canonical decomposition)
if [ $updir -eq 0 ]; then
echo .
exit
fi
#Print updirs
for (( i=0 ; i<$updir ; i++ )); do
echo -n ../
done
#Print remaining path
for (( i=$common ; i<$tpl ; i++ )); do
if [ $i -ne $common ]; then
echo -n "/"
fi
if [ "" != "${target_part[$i]}" ] ; then
echo -n "${target_part[$i]}"
fi
done
#One last newline
echo
