如何生成列表的所有排列?例如:
permutations([])
[]
permutations([1])
[1]
permutations([1, 2])
[1, 2]
[2, 1]
permutations([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]
如何生成列表的所有排列?例如:
permutations([])
[]
permutations([1])
[1]
permutations([1, 2])
[1, 2]
[2, 1]
permutations([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]
当前回答
人们确实可以对每个排列的第一个元素进行迭代,正如tzwen的答案。然而,这样编写此解决方案更有效:
def all_perms(elements):
if len(elements) <= 1:
yield elements # Only permutation possible = no permutation
else:
# Iteration over the first element in the result permutation:
for (index, first_elmt) in enumerate(elements):
other_elmts = elements[:index]+elements[index+1:]
for permutation in all_perms(other_elmts):
yield [first_elmt] + permutation
这个解决方案大约快了30%,显然是因为递归以len(元素)<=1而不是0结尾。它的内存效率也高得多,因为它使用了一个生成器函数(通过yield),就像Riccardo Reyes的解决方案一样。
其他回答
def permutations(head, tail=''):
if len(head) == 0:
print(tail)
else:
for i in range(len(head)):
permutations(head[:i] + head[i+1:], tail + head[i])
称为:
permutations('abc')
def permutation(word, first_char=None):
if word == None or len(word) == 0: return []
if len(word) == 1: return [word]
result = []
first_char = word[0]
for sub_word in permutation(word[1:], first_char):
result += insert(first_char, sub_word)
return sorted(result)
def insert(ch, sub_word):
arr = [ch + sub_word]
for i in range(len(sub_word)):
arr.append(sub_word[i:] + ch + sub_word[:i])
return arr
assert permutation(None) == []
assert permutation('') == []
assert permutation('1') == ['1']
assert permutation('12') == ['12', '21']
print permutation('abc')
输出:['abc','acb','bac','bca','cab','cba']
我看到在这些递归函数中进行了很多迭代,而不是纯粹的递归。。。
所以对于那些连一个循环都不能遵守的人来说,这里有一个粗略的、完全不必要的完全递归的解决方案
def all_insert(x, e, i=0):
return [x[0:i]+[e]+x[i:]] + all_insert(x,e,i+1) if i<len(x)+1 else []
def for_each(X, e):
return all_insert(X[0], e) + for_each(X[1:],e) if X else []
def permute(x):
return [x] if len(x) < 2 else for_each( permute(x[1:]) , x[0])
perms = permute([1,2,3])
#!/usr/bin/env python
def perm(a, k=0):
if k == len(a):
print a
else:
for i in xrange(k, len(a)):
a[k], a[i] = a[i] ,a[k]
perm(a, k+1)
a[k], a[i] = a[i], a[k]
perm([1,2,3])
输出:
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 2, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
当我交换列表的内容时,需要一个可变的序列类型作为输入。例如,烫发(list(“ball”)会起作用,而烫发(“ball”)不会起作用,因为你不能更改字符串。
这种Python实现的灵感来自Horowitz、Sahni和Rajasekeran在《计算机算法》一书中提出的算法。
以下代码是给定列表的就地排列,作为生成器实现。由于它只返回对列表的引用,因此不应在生成器外部修改列表。该解决方案是非递归的,因此使用了低内存。还可以很好地处理输入列表中元素的多个副本。
def permute_in_place(a):
a.sort()
yield list(a)
if len(a) <= 1:
return
first = 0
last = len(a)
while 1:
i = last - 1
while 1:
i = i - 1
if a[i] < a[i+1]:
j = last - 1
while not (a[i] < a[j]):
j = j - 1
a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] # swap the values
r = a[i+1:last]
r.reverse()
a[i+1:last] = r
yield list(a)
break
if i == first:
a.reverse()
return
if __name__ == '__main__':
for n in range(5):
for a in permute_in_place(range(1, n+1)):
print a
print
for a in permute_in_place([0, 0, 1, 1, 1]):
print a
print