提供的链接有一个非常简单的n+1问题示例。如果你将它应用于Hibernate，它基本上是在谈论相同的事情。查询对象时，实体将被加载，但任何关联（除非另有配置）都将被延迟加载。因此，一个查询用于根对象，另一个查询加载每个根对象的关联。返回的100个对象意味着一个初始查询，然后是100个附加查询，以获得每个对象的关联，n+1。

http://pramatr.com/2009/02/05/sql-n-1-selects-explained/

N+1选择问题是一个难题，在单元测试中检测这种情况是有意义的。我已经开发了一个小型库，用于验证给定测试方法或任意代码块执行的查询数量-JDBC Sniffer

只需在测试类中添加一个特殊的JUnit规则，并在测试方法上放置带有预期查询数的注释：

@Rule
public final QueryCounter queryCounter = new QueryCounter();

@Expectation(atMost = 3)
@Test
public void testInvokingDatabase() {
    // your JDBC or JPA code
}

在不深入技术堆栈实现细节的情况下，从架构上讲，N+1问题至少有两种解决方案：

只有1个-大查询-带有联接。这使得大量信息从数据库传输到应用程序层，特别是如果有多个子记录。数据库的典型结果是一组行，而不是对象图（有不同的DB系统的解决方案）有两个（或更多需要连接的子级）查询-1个用于父级，在有了它们之后-通过ID查询子级并映射它们。这将最大限度地减少DB和APP层之间的数据传输。

与产品有一对多关系的供应商。一个供应商拥有（供应）许多产品。

***** Table: Supplier *****
+-----+-------------------+
| ID  |       NAME        |
+-----+-------------------+
|  1  |  Supplier Name 1  |
|  2  |  Supplier Name 2  |
|  3  |  Supplier Name 3  |
|  4  |  Supplier Name 4  |
+-----+-------------------+

***** Table: Product *****
+-----+-----------+--------------------+-------+------------+
| ID  |   NAME    |     DESCRIPTION    | PRICE | SUPPLIERID |
+-----+-----------+--------------------+-------+------------+
|1    | Product 1 | Name for Product 1 |  2.0  |     1      |
|2    | Product 2 | Name for Product 2 | 22.0  |     1      |
|3    | Product 3 | Name for Product 3 | 30.0  |     2      |
|4    | Product 4 | Name for Product 4 |  7.0  |     3      |
+-----+-----------+--------------------+-------+------------+

因素：

供应商的懒惰模式设置为“true”（默认）用于查询产品的获取模式为Select获取模式（默认）：访问供应商信息缓存第一次不起作用访问供应商

提取模式为选择提取（默认）

// It takes Select fetch mode as a default
Query query = session.createQuery( "from Product p");
List list = query.list();
// Supplier is being accessed
displayProductsListWithSupplierName(results);

select ... various field names ... from PRODUCT
select ... various field names ... from SUPPLIER where SUPPLIER.id=?
select ... various field names ... from SUPPLIER where SUPPLIER.id=?
select ... various field names ... from SUPPLIER where SUPPLIER.id=?

结果：

1个产品选择语句供应商的N个选择语句

这是N+1选择问题！

在我看来，《Hibernate陷阱：为什么关系应该懒惰》中的文章与真正的N+1问题完全相反。

如果您需要正确的解释，请参阅Hibernate-第19章：提高性能-获取策略

选择提取（默认值）为极易受到N+1选择的影响问题，因此我们可能希望启用联接获取

N+1查询问题是什么

当数据访问框架执行N个额外的SQL语句以获取执行主SQL查询时可能检索到的相同数据时，就会出现N+1查询问题。

N值越大，执行的查询越多，性能影响越大。而且，与可以帮助您查找运行缓慢的查询的慢速查询日志不同，N+1问题不会出现，因为每个单独的附加查询运行速度都足够快，不会触发慢速查询日志。

问题是执行大量额外的查询，总的来说，这些查询需要足够的时间来降低响应时间。

让我们考虑以下post和post_comments数据库表，它们形成了一对多的表关系：

我们将创建以下4个柱行：

INSERT INTO post (title, id)
VALUES ('High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 1', 1)
 
INSERT INTO post (title, id)
VALUES ('High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 2', 2)
 
INSERT INTO post (title, id)
VALUES ('High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 3', 3)
 
INSERT INTO post (title, id)
VALUES ('High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 4', 4)

此外，我们还将创建4个post_comment子记录：

INSERT INTO post_comment (post_id, review, id)
VALUES (1, 'Excellent book to understand Java Persistence', 1)
 
INSERT INTO post_comment (post_id, review, id)
VALUES (2, 'Must-read for Java developers', 2)
 
INSERT INTO post_comment (post_id, review, id)
VALUES (3, 'Five Stars', 3)
 
INSERT INTO post_comment (post_id, review, id)
VALUES (4, 'A great reference book', 4)

普通SQL的N+1查询问题

如果使用此SQL查询选择post_comments：

List<Tuple> comments = entityManager.createNativeQuery("""
    SELECT
        pc.id AS id,
        pc.review AS review,
        pc.post_id AS postId
    FROM post_comment pc
    """, Tuple.class)
.getResultList();

稍后，您决定获取每个post_comment的相关文章标题：

for (Tuple comment : comments) {
    String review = (String) comment.get("review");
    Long postId = ((Number) comment.get("postId")).longValue();
 
    String postTitle = (String) entityManager.createNativeQuery("""
        SELECT
            p.title
        FROM post p
        WHERE p.id = :postId
        """)
    .setParameter("postId", postId)
    .getSingleResult();
 
    LOGGER.info(
        "The Post '{}' got this review '{}'",
        postTitle,
        review
    );
}

您将触发N+1查询问题，因为您执行了5（1+4）而不是一个SQL查询：

SELECT
    pc.id AS id,
    pc.review AS review,
    pc.post_id AS postId
FROM post_comment pc
 
SELECT p.title FROM post p WHERE p.id = 1
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 1' got this review
-- 'Excellent book to understand Java Persistence'
    
SELECT p.title FROM post p WHERE p.id = 2
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 2' got this review
-- 'Must-read for Java developers'
     
SELECT p.title FROM post p WHERE p.id = 3
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 3' got this review
-- 'Five Stars'
     
SELECT p.title FROM post p WHERE p.id = 4
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 4' got this review
-- 'A great reference book'

修复N+1查询问题非常简单。您只需提取原始SQL查询中所需的所有数据，如下所示：

List<Tuple> comments = entityManager.createNativeQuery("""
    SELECT
        pc.id AS id,
        pc.review AS review,
        p.title AS postTitle
    FROM post_comment pc
    JOIN post p ON pc.post_id = p.id
    """, Tuple.class)
.getResultList();
 
for (Tuple comment : comments) {
    String review = (String) comment.get("review");
    String postTitle = (String) comment.get("postTitle");
 
    LOGGER.info(
        "The Post '{}' got this review '{}'",
        postTitle,
        review
    );
}

这次，只执行一个SQL查询来获取我们进一步感兴趣的所有数据。

JPA和Hibernate的N+1查询问题

在使用JPA和Hibernate时，有几种方法可以触发N+1查询问题，因此了解如何避免这些情况非常重要。

对于下一个示例，考虑我们将post和post_comments表映射到以下实体：

JPA映射如下所示：

@Entity(name = "Post")
@Table(name = "post")
public class Post {
 
    @Id
    private Long id;
 
    private String title;
 
    //Getters and setters omitted for brevity
}
 
@Entity(name = "PostComment")
@Table(name = "post_comment")
public class PostComment {
 
    @Id
    private Long id;
 
    @ManyToOne
    private Post post;
 
    private String review;
 
    //Getters and setters omitted for brevity
}

获取类型.EAGER

隐式或显式地为JPA关联使用FetchType.EAGER是一个坏主意，因为您将获取更多所需的数据。此外，FetchType.EAGER策略还容易出现N+1个查询问题。

不幸的是，@ManyToOne和@OneToOne关联默认使用FetchType.EAGER，因此如果映射如下所示：

@ManyToOne
private Post post;

您使用的是FetchType.EAGER策略，每当您在使用JPQL或Criteria API查询加载某些PostComment实体时忘记使用JOIN FETCH时：

List<PostComment> comments = entityManager
.createQuery("""
    select pc
    from PostComment pc
    """, PostComment.class)
.getResultList();

您将触发N+1查询问题：

SELECT 
    pc.id AS id1_1_, 
    pc.post_id AS post_id3_1_, 
    pc.review AS review2_1_ 
FROM 
    post_comment pc

SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 1
SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 2
SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 3
SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 4

请注意执行的其他SELECT语句，因为在返回PostComment实体列表之前必须获取post关联。

与调用EntityManager的find方法时使用的默认获取计划不同，JPQL或Criteria API查询定义了Hibernate无法通过自动注入JOIN fetch来更改的显式计划。因此，您需要手动执行。

如果你根本不需要post关联，那么你在使用FetchType.EAGER时就不走运了，因为无法避免获取它。这就是为什么默认情况下最好使用FetchType.LAZY。

但是，如果您想使用后关联，那么可以使用JOIN FETCH来避免N+1查询问题：

List<PostComment> comments = entityManager.createQuery("""
    select pc
    from PostComment pc
    join fetch pc.post p
    """, PostComment.class)
.getResultList();

for(PostComment comment : comments) {
    LOGGER.info(
        "The Post '{}' got this review '{}'", 
        comment.getPost().getTitle(), 
        comment.getReview()
    );
}

这次，Hibernate将执行一条SQL语句：

SELECT 
    pc.id as id1_1_0_, 
    pc.post_id as post_id3_1_0_, 
    pc.review as review2_1_0_, 
    p.id as id1_0_1_, 
    p.title as title2_0_1_ 
FROM 
    post_comment pc 
INNER JOIN 
    post p ON pc.post_id = p.id
    
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 1' got this review 
-- 'Excellent book to understand Java Persistence'

-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 2' got this review 
-- 'Must-read for Java developers'

-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 3' got this review 
-- 'Five Stars'

-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 4' got this review 
-- 'A great reference book'

获取类型.LAZY

即使您切换到对所有关联显式使用FetchType.LAZY，您仍然会遇到N+1问题。

这一次，后关联映射如下：

@ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
private Post post;

现在，当您获取PostComment实体时：

List<PostComment> comments = entityManager
.createQuery("""
    select pc
    from PostComment pc
    """, PostComment.class)
.getResultList();

Hibernate将执行一条SQL语句：

SELECT 
    pc.id AS id1_1_, 
    pc.post_id AS post_id3_1_, 
    pc.review AS review2_1_ 
FROM 
    post_comment pc

但是，如果之后，您将引用延迟加载的post关联：

for(PostComment comment : comments) {
    LOGGER.info(
        "The Post '{}' got this review '{}'", 
        comment.getPost().getTitle(), 
        comment.getReview()
    );
}

您将获得N+1查询问题：

SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 1
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 1' got this review 
-- 'Excellent book to understand Java Persistence'

SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 2
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 2' got this review 
-- 'Must-read for Java developers'

SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 3
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 3' got this review 
-- 'Five Stars'

SELECT p.id AS id1_0_0_, p.title AS title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 4
-- The Post 'High-Performance Java Persistence - Part 4' got this review 
-- 'A great reference book'

由于后期关联是延迟获取的，因此在访问延迟关联时将执行一个辅助SQL语句，以便生成日志消息。

同样，修复方法包括在JPQL查询中添加JOIN FETCH子句：

List<PostComment> comments = entityManager.createQuery("""
    select pc
    from PostComment pc
    join fetch pc.post p
    """, PostComment.class)
.getResultList();

for(PostComment comment : comments) {
    LOGGER.info(
        "The Post '{}' got this review '{}'", 
        comment.getPost().getTitle(), 
        comment.getReview()
    );
}

而且，就像FetchType.EAGER示例中一样，这个JPQL查询将生成一个SQL语句。

即使您正在使用FetchType.LAZY，并且没有引用双向@OneToOne JPA关系的子关联，您仍然可以触发N+1查询问题。

如何自动检测N+1查询问题

如果您想在数据访问层中自动检测N+1查询问题，可以使用db-util开源项目。

首先，您需要添加以下Maven依赖项：

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.vladmihalcea</groupId>
    <artifactId>db-util</artifactId>
    <version>${db-util.version}</version>
</dependency>

之后，您只需使用SQLStatementCountValidator实用程序来断言生成的底层SQL语句：

SQLStatementCountValidator.reset();

List<PostComment> comments = entityManager.createQuery("""
    select pc
    from PostComment pc
    """, PostComment.class)
.getResultList();

SQLStatementCountValidator.assertSelectCount(1);

如果您正在使用FetchType.EAGER并运行上述测试用例，则会出现以下测试用例失败：

SELECT 
    pc.id as id1_1_, 
    pc.post_id as post_id3_1_, 
    pc.review as review2_1_ 
FROM 
    post_comment pc

SELECT p.id as id1_0_0_, p.title as title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 1

SELECT p.id as id1_0_0_, p.title as title2_0_0_ FROM post p WHERE p.id = 2


-- SQLStatementCountMismatchException: Expected 1 statement(s) but recorded 3 instead!