这个问题直接类似于TypeScript中的类类型检查
我需要在运行时找出任何类型的变量是否实现了接口。这是我的代码:
interface A{
member:string;
}
var a:any={member:"foobar"};
if(a instanceof A) alert(a.member);
如果您在typescript游乐场中输入这段代码,最后一行将被标记为错误,“名称A不存在于当前作用域”。但事实并非如此,该名称确实存在于当前作用域中。我甚至可以更改变量声明为var a: a ={成员:"foobar"};没有编辑的抱怨。在浏览网页并找到其他问题后,我将接口更改为类,但我不能使用对象字面量来创建实例。
我想知道A类型是如何消失的,但看看生成的javascript就能解释这个问题:
var a = {
member: "foobar"
};
if(a instanceof A) {
alert(a.member);
}
没有将A表示为接口,因此不可能进行运行时类型检查。
我知道javascript作为一种动态语言没有接口的概念。是否有方法对接口进行类型检查?
typescript游乐场的自动完成显示typescript甚至提供了一个方法实现。我怎么使用它?
在TypeScript 1.6中,用户定义的类型保护将完成这项工作。
interface Foo {
fooProperty: string;
}
interface Bar {
barProperty: string;
}
function isFoo(object: any): object is Foo {
return 'fooProperty' in object;
}
let object: Foo | Bar;
if (isFoo(object)) {
// `object` has type `Foo`.
object.fooProperty;
} else {
// `object` has type `Bar`.
object.barProperty;
}
正如Joe Yang提到的:从TypeScript 2.0开始,你甚至可以利用带标签的联合类型。
interface Foo {
type: 'foo';
fooProperty: string;
}
interface Bar {
type: 'bar';
barProperty: number;
}
let object: Foo | Bar;
// You will see errors if `strictNullChecks` is enabled.
if (object.type === 'foo') {
// object has type `Foo`.
object.fooProperty;
} else {
// object has type `Bar`.
object.barProperty;
}
它也适用于开关。
我知道我偶然发现了一个github包,它正确地解决了这个问题,在我的搜索历史中,我终于找到了它。检查typescript-is -尽管它要求你的代码使用ttypescript编译(我目前正在强迫它与create-react-app一起工作,稍后将在成功/失败时更新),你可以用它做各种疯狂的事情。与ts-validate-type不同,这个包也是主动维护的。
你可以检查某个东西是否是字符串或数字,并将其作为字符串或数字使用,而编译器不会抱怨:
import { is } from 'typescript-is';
const wildString: any = 'a string, but nobody knows at compile time, because it is cast to `any`';
if (is<string>(wildString)) { // returns true
// wildString can be used as string!
} else {
// never gets to this branch
}
if (is<number>(wildString)) { // returns false
// never gets to this branch
} else {
// Now you know that wildString is not a number!
}
你也可以检查你自己的接口:
import { is } from 'typescript-is';
interface MyInterface {
someObject: string;
without: string;
}
const foreignObject: any = { someObject: 'obtained from the wild', without: 'type safety' };
if (is<MyInterface>(foreignObject)) { // returns true
const someObject = foreignObject.someObject; // type: string
const without = foreignObject.without; // type: string
}
在TypeScript 1.6中,用户定义的类型保护将完成这项工作。
interface Foo {
fooProperty: string;
}
interface Bar {
barProperty: string;
}
function isFoo(object: any): object is Foo {
return 'fooProperty' in object;
}
let object: Foo | Bar;
if (isFoo(object)) {
// `object` has type `Foo`.
object.fooProperty;
} else {
// `object` has type `Bar`.
object.barProperty;
}
正如Joe Yang提到的:从TypeScript 2.0开始,你甚至可以利用带标签的联合类型。
interface Foo {
type: 'foo';
fooProperty: string;
}
interface Bar {
type: 'bar';
barProperty: number;
}
let object: Foo | Bar;
// You will see errors if `strictNullChecks` is enabled.
if (object.type === 'foo') {
// object has type `Foo`.
object.fooProperty;
} else {
// object has type `Bar`.
object.barProperty;
}
它也适用于开关。
因为在运行时类型是未知的,所以我写了如下代码来比较未知对象,不是与类型进行比较,而是与已知类型的对象进行比较:
创建正确类型的示例对象
指定它的哪些元素是可选的
将你的未知对象与这个样本对象进行深度比较
下面是我用于深度比较的(接口不可知)代码:
function assertTypeT<T>(loaded: any, wanted: T, optional?: Set<string>): T {
// this is called recursively to compare each element
function assertType(found: any, wanted: any, keyNames?: string): void {
if (typeof wanted !== typeof found) {
throw new Error(`assertType expected ${typeof wanted} but found ${typeof found}`);
}
switch (typeof wanted) {
case "boolean":
case "number":
case "string":
return; // primitive value type -- done checking
case "object":
break; // more to check
case "undefined":
case "symbol":
case "function":
default:
throw new Error(`assertType does not support ${typeof wanted}`);
}
if (Array.isArray(wanted)) {
if (!Array.isArray(found)) {
throw new Error(`assertType expected an array but found ${found}`);
}
if (wanted.length === 1) {
// assume we want a homogenous array with all elements the same type
for (const element of found) {
assertType(element, wanted[0]);
}
} else {
// assume we want a tuple
if (found.length !== wanted.length) {
throw new Error(
`assertType expected tuple length ${wanted.length} found ${found.length}`);
}
for (let i = 0; i < wanted.length; ++i) {
assertType(found[i], wanted[i]);
}
}
return;
}
for (const key in wanted) {
const expectedKey = keyNames ? keyNames + "." + key : key;
if (typeof found[key] === 'undefined') {
if (!optional || !optional.has(expectedKey)) {
throw new Error(`assertType expected key ${expectedKey}`);
}
} else {
assertType(found[key], wanted[key], expectedKey);
}
}
}
assertType(loaded, wanted);
return loaded as T;
}
下面是我如何使用它的一个例子。
在本例中,我期望JSON包含一个元组数组,其中第二个元素是一个名为User的接口实例(它有两个可选元素)。
TypeScript的类型检查将确保我的示例对象是正确的,然后assertTypeT函数检查未知(从JSON加载的)对象是否与示例对象匹配。
export function loadUsers(): Map<number, User> {
const found = require("./users.json");
const sample: [number, User] = [
49942,
{
"name": "ChrisW",
"email": "example@example.com",
"gravatarHash": "75bfdecf63c3495489123fe9c0b833e1",
"profile": {
"location": "Normandy",
"aboutMe": "I wrote this!\n\nFurther details are to be supplied ..."
},
"favourites": []
}
];
const optional: Set<string> = new Set<string>(["profile.aboutMe", "profile.location"]);
const loaded: [number, User][] = assertTypeT(found, [sample], optional);
return new Map<number, User>(loaded);
}
您可以在用户定义的类型保护的实现中调用这样的检查。