我正在处理一个大型项目(对我来说)，它将有许多类，需要可扩展，但我不确定如何规划我的程序以及类需要如何交互。
几个学期前我上了一门OOD课程，从中学到了很多东西;比如编写UML，并将需求文档转换为对象和类。我们也学过序列图但不知怎么的我错过了这节课，我没能记住它们。
在之前的项目中，我尝试使用从课程中学到的方法，但通常在我说“是的，这看起来像我想要的东西”时，我就会以代码结束，我不想再挖掘出新的功能。
我有一本Steve McConnell的《Code Complete》，我经常在这里和其他地方听到它的神奇之处。我读了关于设计的章节，似乎没有得到我想要的信息。我知道他说这不是一个固定的过程，它主要是基于启发式，但我似乎不能把他所有的信息都应用到我的项目中。
那么，在高级设计阶段(在开始编程之前)，你要做些什么来确定你需要什么类(特别是那些不基于任何“现实世界对象”的类)以及它们如何相互交互?
我特别感兴趣的是你使用的方法是什么?你遵循什么样的过程，通常会产生一个良好的，干净的设计，将接近最终产品?
当前回答
我在实际项目中使用的成功的技术是责任驱动设计，灵感来自Wirfs-Brock的书。
从最顶层的用户故事开始，与同事一起，在白板上勾勒出它们所暗示的高级交互。这让你对大模块有了初步的了解;重复一两次高级CRC-card(游戏邦注:如play)，你应该已经稳定了一个主要组件列表，它们的作用以及它们如何相互作用。
然后，如果任何职责很大或很复杂，那么细化这些模块，直到有足够小且简单的东西成为对象，方法是在模块内执行由更高级别交互确定的每个主要操作的交互。
知道什么时候该停下来是一个判断问题(只有经验才能决定)。
其他回答
关于这一点，我所知道的最有趣的来源是Bertrand Meyer所著的《面向对象软件构建》第二版的D部分。
第四部分:面向对象的方法论:很好地应用该方法
19:关于方法论， 20:设计 模式:多面板交互 系统中, 21:传承案例研究: 交互系统中的“undo”，22: 如何找到课程，23: 课程设计原则，24:使用 继承好，25:有用 技巧，26分:风格感，27分: 面向对象分析，28:The 软件构建过程，29: 教学方法
有趣的是，第22章。如何在网上找到课程。
学习和掌握设计模式。 接下来，学习领域驱动设计 之后，学习需求收集
我上了几个学期的OOD课程 回来后，我学到了很多;就像 编写UML和翻译 将需求文档转换为对象 和类。我们学过序列 图表也有，但不知怎么的，我错过了 讲座之类的，他们没有 跟紧我。
You know about the step 3. You need to master it. I mean, via a lot of practice to make it become your second nature. That's because the method you learn, is simply against the way we used to have. So you need to really master it. Otherwise, you will always find yourself go back to your original way of doing thing. This is somehow like Test Driven Process, where a lot of java developer give it up after a few tries. Unless they fully master it, otherwise it's just a burden to them Write use cases, especially for alternate course. Alternate course occupy more than 50% of our development time. Normally when your PM assign you a task, for instance, create a login system, he will think it's straight forward, you can take 1 day to finish it off. But he never take into account that you need to consider, 1. what if user key in wrong password, 2. what if user key in wrong password for 3 times, 3. what if user doesn't type in user name and etc. You need to list them out, and show it to your PM, ask him to reschedule the deadline.
尝试使用行为驱动开发。要打破你的旧习惯很难，但我发现BDD确实是你在现实世界中开发的最佳选择。
http://behaviour-driven.org/
我用于初始设计(得到类图)的步骤是:
Requirements gathering. Talk to the client and factor out the use cases to define what functionality the software should have. Compose a narrative of the individual use cases. Go through the narrative and highlight nouns (person, place, thing), as candidate classes and verbs (actions), as methods / behaviors. Discard duplicate nouns and factor out common functionality. Create a class diagram. If you're a Java developer, NetBeans 6.7 from Sun has a UML module that allows for diagramming as well as round-trip engineering and it's FREE. Eclipse (an open source Java IDE), also has a modeling framework, but I have no experience with it. You may also want to try out ArgoUML, an open source tool. Apply OOD principles to organize your classes (factor out common functionality, build hierarchies, etc.)
斯科特·戴维斯补充说:
Make absolutely sure you know what your program is all about before you start. What is your program? What will it not do? What problem is it trying to solve? Your first set of use cases shouldn't be a laundry list of everything the program will eventually do. Start with the smallest set of use cases you can come up with that still captures the essence of what your program is for. For this web site, for example, the core use cases might be log in, ask a question, answer a question, and view questions and answers. Nothing about reputation, voting, or the community wiki, just the raw essence of what you're shooting for. As you come up with potential classes, don't think of them only in terms of what noun they represent, but what responsibilities they have. I've found this to be the biggest aid in figuring out how classes relate to each other during program execution. It's easy to come up with relationships like "a dog is an animal" or "a puppy has one mother." It's usually harder to figure out relationships describing run-time interactions between objects. You're program's algorithms are at least as important as your objects, and they're much easier to design if you've spelled out what each class's job is. Once you've got that minimal set of use cases and objects, start coding. Get something that actually runs as soon as possible, even though it doesn't do much and probably looks like crap. It's a starting point, and will force you to answer questions you might gloss over on paper. Now go back and pick more use cases, write up how they'll work, modify your class model, and write more code. Just like your first cut, take on as little at a time as you can while still adding something meaningful. Rinse and repeat.
这只是我的个人意见。希望对大家有用。
