我在熊猫数据框架中工作时也遇到过同样的问题。

我使用过：numpy.logical_and：

在这里，我试图选择Id与41d7853匹配且degree_type不与Certification匹配的行。

如下所示：

display(df_degrees.loc[np.logical_and(df_degrees['person_id'] == '41d7853' , df_degrees['degree_type'] !='Certification')])

如果我尝试编写如下代码：

display(df_degrees.loc[df_degrees['person_id'] == '41d7853' and df_degrees['degree_type'] !='Certification'])

我们将得到错误：

ValueError: The truth value of a Series is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all().

我使用了numpy.logical_，它对我很有用。

我在这个命令中遇到了一个错误：

if df != '':
    pass

但当我把它改成这样时，它起了作用：

if df is not '':
    pass

或者，也可以使用操作员模块。更多详细信息请参见Python文档：

import operator
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

np.random.seed(0)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(5,3), columns=list('ABC'))
df.loc[operator.or_(df.C > 0.25, df.C < -0.25)]

          A         B         C
0  1.764052  0.400157  0.978738
1  2.240893  1.867558 -0.977278
3  0.410599  0.144044  1.454274
4  0.761038  0.121675  0.4438

一件小事，浪费了我的时间。

将条件（如果使用“=”，“！=”进行比较）放在括号中。未能做到这一点也会引发这种例外。

这将起作用：

df[(some condition) conditional operator (some conditions)]

这不会：

df[some condition conditional-operator some condition]

我将尝试给出三种最常见的方法的基准（上面也提到过）：

from timeit import repeat

setup = """
import numpy as np;
import random;
x = np.linspace(0,100);
lb, ub = np.sort([random.random() * 100, random.random() * 100]).tolist()
"""
stmts = 'x[(x > lb) * (x <= ub)]', 'x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]', 'x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]'

for _ in range(3):
    for stmt in stmts:
        t = min(repeat(stmt, setup, number=100_000))
        print('%.4f' % t, stmt)
    print()

结果：

0.4808 x[(x > lb) * (x <= ub)]
0.4726 x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]
0.4904 x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]

0.4725 x[(x > lb) * (x <= ub)]
0.4806 x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]
0.5002 x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]

0.4781 x[(x > lb) * (x <= ub)]
0.4336 x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]
0.4974 x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]

但是，熊猫系列不支持*，NumPy Array比熊猫数据帧快（大约慢1000倍，见数字）：

from timeit import repeat

setup = """
import numpy as np;
import random;
import pandas as pd;
x = pd.DataFrame(np.linspace(0,100));
lb, ub = np.sort([random.random() * 100, random.random() * 100]).tolist()
"""
stmts = 'x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]', 'x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]'

for _ in range(3):
    for stmt in stmts:
        t = min(repeat(stmt, setup, number=100))
        print('%.4f' % t, stmt)
    print()

结果：

0.1964 x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]
0.1992 x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]

0.2018 x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]
0.1838 x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]

0.1871 x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]
0.1883 x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]

注意：添加一行代码x=x.to_numpy（）大约需要20µs。

对于喜欢%timeit的人：

import numpy as np
import random
lb, ub = np.sort([random.random() * 100, random.random() * 100]).tolist()
lb, ub
x = pd.DataFrame(np.linspace(0,100))

def asterik(x):
    x = x.to_numpy()
    return x[(x > lb) * (x <= ub)]

def and_symbol(x):
    x = x.to_numpy()
    return x[(x > lb) & (x <= ub)]

def numpy_logical(x):
    x = x.to_numpy()
    return x[np.logical_and(x > lb, x <= ub)]

for i in range(3):
    %timeit asterik(x)
    %timeit and_symbol(x)
    %timeit numpy_logical(x)
    print('\n')

结果：

23 µs ± 3.62 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
35.6 µs ± 9.53 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
31.3 µs ± 8.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)


21.4 µs ± 3.35 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
21.9 µs ± 1.02 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
21.7 µs ± 500 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)


25.1 µs ± 3.71 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
36.8 µs ± 18.3 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
28.2 µs ± 5.97 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)

我在熊猫数据框架中工作时也遇到过同样的问题。

我使用过：numpy.logical_and：

在这里，我试图选择Id与41d7853匹配且degree_type不与Certification匹配的行。

如下所示：

display(df_degrees.loc[np.logical_and(df_degrees['person_id'] == '41d7853' , df_degrees['degree_type'] !='Certification')])

如果我尝试编写如下代码：

display(df_degrees.loc[df_degrees['person_id'] == '41d7853' and df_degrees['degree_type'] !='Certification'])

我们将得到错误：

ValueError: The truth value of a Series is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all().

我使用了numpy.logical_，它对我很有用。